Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode...

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Chapter 5 Chapter 5 Sensation Sensation

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Transcript of Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode...

Page 1: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

Chapter 5Chapter 5Chapter 5Chapter 5SensationSensation

Page 2: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals.

sensation

Page 3: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information.

perception

Page 4: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

Analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information.

Bottom-up processing

Page 5: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes.

Top-down processing

Page 6: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them.

psychophysics

Page 7: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.

absolute threshold

Page 8: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

This theory explains precisely how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus. Detection depends partly on experience, expectation, motivation, and alertness.

signal detection theory

Page 9: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

A stimulus that is below the absolute threshold for awareness.

subliminal

Page 10: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The activation, often unconscious, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perceptions, memory, or response.

priming

Page 11: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.

We experience it as a just noticeable difference or jnd.

difference threshold

Page 12: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

Whose law states that the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant minimum proportion of the stimulus?

Weber’s Law

Page 13: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The decreased sensitivity that occurs with continued exposure to an unchanging stimulus.

sensory adaptation

Page 14: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

In the study of sensation, the process by which receptor cells in the eye, ear, skin, and nose convert environmental stimuli into neural impulses.

transduction

Page 15: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

Refers to the distance from the peak of one light (or sound) wave to the next and gives rise to the perceptual experiences of hue (color) in vision.

wavelength

Page 16: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names: blue, green, and so forth.

hue

Page 17: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The _____ of light and sound is determined by the amplitude of the waves and is experienced as brightness and loudness.

intensity

Page 18: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The adjustable opening in the eye through which light enters.

pupil

Page 19: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored part of the eye that controls the diameter of the pupil.

iris

Page 20: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The transparent structure of the eye behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina.

lens

Page 21: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The process by which the lens of the eye changes shape to focus near objects on the retina.

accommodation

Page 22: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The light-sensitive, multilayered inner surface of the eye that contains the rods and cones, as well as neurons that form the beginning of the optic nerve.

retina

Page 23: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

Visual _____ refers to the sharpness of vision.

acuity

Page 24: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

A condition in which nearby objects are seen clearly but distant objects are blurred because light rays reflecting from them converge in front of the retina.

nearsightedness

Page 25: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

A condition in which distant objects are seen clearly but nearby objects are blurred because light rays reflecting from them strike the retina before converging.

farsightedness

Page 26: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

Visual receptors concentrated in the periphery of the retina - have poor sensitivity, detect black and white, and function well in dim light.

rods

Page 27: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

Visual receptors concentrated in the fovea – have excellent sensitivity, enable color vision, and function best in daylight or bright light.

cones

Page 28: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

Comprised of the axons of retinal ganglion cells, it carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

optic nerve

Page 29: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The region of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye. Because there are no rods or cones in this area, there is no vision here.

blind spot

Page 30: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The retina’s point of central focus. It contains only cones; therefore, images focused on it are the clearest.

fovea

Page 31: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

Located in the visual cortex of the brain, are these nerve cells that selectively respond to specific visual features, such as movement, shape, or angle. Evidently the basis of visual information processing.

feature detectors

Page 32: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

Information processing in which several aspects of a stimulus, such as light or sound, are processed simultaneously.

parallel processing

Page 33: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

This theory maintains that the retina contains red-, green-, and blue-sensitive color receptors that in combination can produce the perception of any color. First stage of color processing.

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (3-color) theory

Page 34: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

This theory maintains that color vision depends on pairs of opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black). Second stage of color processing.

opponent-process theory

Page 35: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The perception that familiar objects have consistent color despire changes in illumination that shift the wavelengths they reflect.

color constancy

Page 36: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

Refers to the sense of hearing.

audition

Page 37: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The number of complete wavelengths that can pass a point in a given time (directly related to wavelength and determines pitch).

frequency

Page 38: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

A tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends of frequency.

pitch

Page 39: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing the three bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the eardrum’s vibrations on the cochlea’s oval window.

middle ear

Page 40: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube of the inner ear where the transduction of sound waves into neural impulses occurs.

cochlea

Page 41: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

Contains the semicircular canals and the cochlea, which includes the receptors that transduce sound energy into neural impulses.

inner ear

Page 42: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The theory of hearing that states that we hear different pitches because sound waves of varioius frequencies trigger activity at different places on the cochlea’s basilar membrane.

place theory

Page 43: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The theory of hearing that presumes that the rate, or frequency, of nerve impulses in the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.

frequency theory

Page 44: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The hearing loss that results from damage in the mechanics of the outer or middle ear, which impairs the conduction of sound waves to the cochlea.

conduction hearing loss

Page 45: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

Nerve deafness – hearing loss caused by damage to the auditory receptors of the cochlea or to the auditory nerve due to disease, aging, or prolonged exposure to ear-splitting noise.

Sensorineural hearing loss

Page 46: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.

Cochlear implant

Page 47: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

Melzack and Wall’s theory that maintains that a “gate” in the spinal cord determines whether pain signals are permitted to reach the brain. Neural activity in small nerve fibers opens the gate; activity in large fibers or information from the brain closes the gate.

gate-control theory

Page 48: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The principle that one sense may influence another.

sensory interaction

Page 49: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The sense of the position and movement of the parts of the body.

kinesthesis

Page 50: Chapter 5 Sensation. The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals. sensation.

The sense of body movement, position, and balance.

vestibular sense


Sensation & Perception To represent the world, we must detect physical energy (a stimulus) from the environment and convert it into neural signals. This.

Sensation & Perception To represent the world, we must detect physical energy (a stimulus) from the environment and convert it into neural signals. This.

AP Psychology Sensation and Perception. absolute threshold In order to determine how people detect stimuli from the outside world, psychologists first.

AP Psychology Sensation and Perception. absolute threshold In order to determine how people detect stimuli from the outside world, psychologists first.

Sensations vs. Perception. Sensation & Perception 2 How do we construct our representations of the external world? To represent the world, we must detect.

Sensations vs. Perception. Sensation & Perception 2 How do we construct our representations of the external world? To represent the world, we must detect.

Sensation and Perception So Ma to Sensation

Sensation and Perception So Ma to Sensation

how to encode

how to encode

Instr Encode

Instr Encode

Sensation & Perception Sensation Detect physical energy & encode into neural signal Perception Select, organize & interpret sensations Psychophysics–

Sensation & Perception Sensation Detect physical energy & encode into neural signal Perception Select, organize & interpret sensations Psychophysics–

1 Sensation & Perception To represent the world, we must detect physical energy (a stimulus) from the environment and convert it into neural signals. This.

1 Sensation & Perception To represent the world, we must detect physical energy (a stimulus) from the environment and convert it into neural signals. This.

Sensation The process by which our sensory receptors receive stimulus energies from our environment. Sensory receptors detect millions of stimuli.

Sensation The process by which our sensory receptors receive stimulus energies from our environment. Sensory receptors detect millions of stimuli.

Sensation and Perception. Sensation How we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it into neural signals that the brain interprets as.

Sensation and Perception. Sensation How we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it into neural signals that the brain interprets as.

© Cengage Learning 2016 Chapter 5 Vision. © Cengage Learning 2016 Sensation and Perception Sensation –Ability to detect and encode information –Raw data.

© Cengage Learning 2016 Chapter 5 Vision. © Cengage Learning 2016 Sensation and Perception Sensation –Ability to detect and encode information –Raw data.

Encode Sequence

Encode Sequence

Sensation & Perception. What is Sensation? Passively receiving information through sensory inputs. Cells that detect physical energy are located in sense.

Sensation & Perception. What is Sensation? Passively receiving information through sensory inputs. Cells that detect physical energy are located in sense.

1 Sensation and Perception. 2 Sensation & Perception How do we construct our representations of the external world? To represent the world, we must detect.

1 Sensation and Perception. 2 Sensation & Perception How do we construct our representations of the external world? To represent the world, we must detect.

Curve Encoded Compression and TransmissionCurve Encoded Compression and Transmission (CECAT) Compression 1) Extract Foreground Mask from Image 2) Detect and Mark the Contours 3) Encode

Curve Encoded Compression and TransmissionCurve Encoded Compression and Transmission (CECAT) Compression 1) Extract Foreground Mask from Image 2) Detect and Mark the Contours 3) Encode

Encode Engage

Encode Engage

Decode ENCODE

Decode ENCODE

1 Sensation & Perception How do we construct our representations of the external world? To represent the world, we must detect physical energy (a stimulus)

1 Sensation & Perception How do we construct our representations of the external world? To represent the world, we must detect physical energy (a stimulus)

Carlyn Cpa Encode

Carlyn Cpa Encode

Happyweb8 Encode

Happyweb8 Encode