Chapter 5. Objectives Define disease and list seven categories of disease List 7 predisposing...
-
date post
19-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 5. Objectives Define disease and list seven categories of disease List 7 predisposing...
Disease and Disease-Producing Organisms
Chapter 5
Objectives
Define disease and list seven categories of disease List 7 predisposing causes of disease Define terminology used in describing and treating disease Define complementary and alternative medicine and give examples Explain methods by which microorganisms can be transmitted List 4 types of organisms studied in microbiology and give characteristics List some diseases caused by each type Define normal flora and explain the value Describe the 3 types of bacteria by shape List several diseases in humans caused by worms Give some reasons for the emergence and spread of microorganisms Describe several public health measures Differentiate between sterilization, disinfection and antisepsis Describe techniques included as part of body substance precautions List some antimicrobial agents and how they work Describe several methods used to identify microorganisms in the lab
What is disease?- It is an illness, an abnormal
state in which part or all of the body does not function properly
CATEGORIES - Infection - Degenerative - Nutritional - Metabolic - Immune - Neoplasms - Psychiatric
Predisposing Causes of Disease
Age Gender Heredity Living conditions and habits Emotional disturbance Physical and Chemical damage Preexisting Illness
REMEMBER : A predisposing cause may not actually cause the disease, but increases the probability of a person becoming ill.
The Study of Disease
Click icon to add picture
Definitions Pathophysiology Etiology Acute Chronic Subacute Idiopathic Iatrogenic Epidemiology Incidence Prevalence Mortality Epidemic Endemic Pandemic
Treatment and
Prevention of Disease
Diagnosis – determination of the nature of the illness
Need to know symptom, sign, syndrome, prognosis, therapy and prevention
CAM is defined as methods of disease prevention and treatment used along with traditional medicine (Examples include: chiropractic, acupuncture, biofeedback)
Infectious Disease Microorganisms are the predominant
cause of disease in the human body.
Parasite – organism that liveson or within a host at host’s expense
Pathogens Pathogens are disease causing
organism and infection is an invasion of
pathogens that have adverse effects
(An infection can be local or systemic.)
Opportunistic infection Communicable infection
Modes of Transmission Disease can be spread directly or
indirectly.
Portals of entry : skin, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems
MicrobiologyThe study of microorganisms
*** Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa
BacteriaSingle-cell organism whose genetic
material is not enclosed in a membrane. (No true nucleus)
Can grow with or without oxygen Resistant forms are called endospores Flagella Pili
Bacteria cont. Shape and Arrangement : Cocci,
Bacilli, Curved rods
Others : Rickettsia and Chlamydia
Diseases caused by bacteria : Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Syphilis, Lyme disease, Typhus
VirusesObligate parasite that can only reproduce
in living cells. Contain genetic material.
Not susceptible to antibiotics.
Classified according to the type of nucleic acid they contain (DNA or RNA) and the type of disease they cause.
Named according to where they were isolated, the symptoms they cause, the host, or the vector that carries them.
Viruses cont. Prions and Viroids
Much smaller than bacteria
Diseases caused by viruses : Measles, Influenza, Chickenpox, Common Cold
FungiSimple plant-like organism.
2 types : Yeasts and Molds
Yeast – single cell
Mold – filamentous
Diseases caused by fungi : Ringworm, Thrush, Pneumonia
ProtozoaSingle-cell, animal-like microbes
Amebas Ciliates Flagellates Sporozoa What you will see: Giardia (Flagellate)
Parasitic Worms
They are parasites with human hosts
Roundworms (ascaris,pinworms, hookworms)
Flatworms (tapeworms, flukes) Infection by worms is called infestation.
Microbial ControlInfectious disease increasing due to
various factors.
Increased population & travel, disruption of animal habitats, changes in food handling
Microbes and Public Health : sewage and garbage, water purification, prevention of food contamination, milk pasteurization
Aseptic Methods : sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis
Infection Control HANDWASHING. HANDWASHING.
HANDWASHING……. Universal techniques, sharps safety,
specific “precautions” OSHA Antimicrobial Agents : antibiotics,
antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic
ANTIBIOTICS/MRSA Antibiotic is used to kill bacteria.
Derived from fungi and soil bacteria. Usage can be harmful Antibiotic-resistance
Lab Identification of Pathogens
Blood, Spinal Fluid, Feces, Urine, and Sputum most frequently studied.
Bacterial Isolations and Tests Staining Techniques Other techniques
Freebie… What will you see clinically : - Know antibiotics - MRSA - Infection Control