Chapter 5 information processing. Information processing Recap: – Black box model – Welfords...
-
Upload
denise-hoover -
Category
Documents
-
view
222 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 5 information processing. Information processing Recap: – Black box model – Welfords...
Information processing
• Sensation/sensory input– EXTEROCEPTORS: provide
information from outside of the body;
- vision & auditory
– INTEROCEPTORS: provide information within the body; vestibular apparatus (balance), joint receptors, muscle spindles etc
Information processing
• Signal detection:–We receive over 100,000 pieces of
information per second– “background noise” = non essential
information– Signal detection will depend on the
intensity of the signal compared to the background noise.
– Depends on interaction of 2 variables
Signal detection• Criterion (C)– The effect of a person’s bias on
detection. Dependant on arousal; if low a signal may be missed.
• d-prime (d’)– Represents the individual’s sensitivity
to a particular signal. (sensitivity of senses, experience)
MEMORY• “the capacity that permit organisms
to benefit from their past experiences.”
• Sensory information store (SIS): – all incoming information held here for a
brief time. – Information is only retained if it’s
attended to.
MEMORY• Short term memory (STM):– Information rehearsed from the SIS is
passed onto the STM– 90% of information lost within the first
10 seconds.– STM has a limited capacity (7±2)
• Long term memory(LTM):– No capacity limitations– Yet often we have difficulty in
remembering things!
MEMORY• Selective attention-memory interaction– Our STM has a limited capacity–We overcome this by using selective
attention. – Focusing on relevant information &
ignoring irrelevant information. – Past experience helps with signal
attentionhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/brainsmart/games/numbers
/
RESPONSE TIME• The time from the introduction of a
stimulus to the completion of an action to deal with the problem.
• Reaction time & movement time• Factors affecting it: – Gets faster during
childhood/adolescence– Gest slower as we get older–Movement time depends on fitness– Number of choices to be made
Psychological refractory period
• Reaction time to stimulus 1 (S1) is expected
• A second stimulus (S2) will have a slower than normal reaction time
• Processing of S2 can not take place until S1 processing is complete
• This gap is the psychological refractory period.
Psychological RP• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C
QLMRusBAko
• The feint is S1 and the actual movement is S2
• The defender will be slow in reacting to the real movement.
Motor Programmes• A set of muscle commands that allow
movement to be performed without any peripheral feedback.– Example: catch or hit a ball
• Executive motor programme:– A number of motor programmes put
together– Example: a gymnastic routine or playing the piano
Motor Programmes• Open loop: – performance of a skill without recourse
to feedback– Very fast movements– Hitting a baseball coming in at 100kph– No time for feedback to alter the
movement
Motor Programmes• Closed loop: – Altering a movement
during its execution– Example: returning a slow
tennis serve– Perceptual trace –
memory for the feel of successful past experiences/movements
TO DO by 20/2• What is Schmidt’s schema theory? • What is intrinsic feedback?• What is extrinsic feedback?• What is knowledge of results? • What is knowledge of performance?– Give examples
• Explain the difference between positive and negative feedback.
• What are the advantages of feedback?
Schema theory• Schema = a set of generalized rules
or rules that are generic to a group of movements
• Recall Schema = memory with regard to the choice and initiation of action
• Recognition Schema = memory for the feel of a movement, allows for changes in action
• Both schema’s require LTM recall
FeedbackInformation resulting from
an action or response• Intrinsic Feedback: available to a
player without outside help. The feel of a movement.
• Extrinsic Feedback: provided by someone or something else (coach, stopwatch). Can be given during (concurrent) or after (terminal) performance.
Feedback• Knowledge of Results (KR): – post-response information about the
outcome of an action.–Mostly visual, or a time, or a distance.
Feedback• Knowledge of Performance
(KP): – post-response information
concerning the nature of the movement.
– The ‘feel’ of a movement– Knowledge of sensory
consequences– Concurrent or terminal
Feedback • Positive feedback: –What you did well – Prescriptive feedback (how
to improve)
• Negative feedback: – Concentrates on errors– Should be followed with
prescriptive feedback– Can be demotivating esp
with beginners