Do you know that ….?Do you know that ….?Dolphins sleep with one eye open.Dolphins sleep with one eye open.Soap Operas are so called because Soap Operas are so called because advertisements in the past during the show were advertisements in the past during the show were centred around soap powder.centred around soap powder.It is impossible to keep your eyes open when you It is impossible to keep your eyes open when you sneeze.sneeze.Leonardo Da Vinci invented the scissors.Leonardo Da Vinci invented the scissors.It is physically impossible for pigs to look at the It is physically impossible for pigs to look at the sky.sky.Bookkeeper is the only English word that has Bookkeeper is the only English word that has three consecutive double letters.three consecutive double letters.

Your ears and nose continue to grow throughout your Your ears and nose continue to grow throughout your life.life.Mosquitoes are attracted to people who have recently Mosquitoes are attracted to people who have recently eaten bananas.eaten bananas.An ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain.An ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain.There are no clocks in Las Vegas gambling casino.There are no clocks in Las Vegas gambling casino.You use an average of 43 muscles for a frown.You use an average of 43 muscles for a frown.You use an average of 17 muscles for a smile.You use an average of 17 muscles for a smile.Every 2000 frowns creates a wrinkle.Every 2000 frowns creates a wrinkle.The list of ingredients that make a lipstick include fish The list of ingredients that make a lipstick include fish scales.scales.Almost half of the bones in your body are in your Almost half of the bones in your body are in your hands and feet.hands and feet.Donald Duck comics are banned from Finland Donald Duck comics are banned from Finland because it does not wear pants.because it does not wear pants.

IntroductionIntroduction

Can you think of any events or Can you think of any events or inventions in the 21inventions in the 21stst century that century that had significant impact on our lives?had significant impact on our lives?

Examples: Examples: Internet Internet Transnational TerrorismTransnational Terrorism Mobile phoneMobile phone

How did External Events How did External Events before WW II affect before WW II affect

Singapore?Singapore?

Industrial Revolution (1750 – Industrial Revolution (1750 – 1850)1850)

Invention of new machines & discovery Invention of new machines & discovery of new sources of power to drive these of new sources of power to drive these machines.machines.

It transformed the way people lived and It transformed the way people lived and worked.worked. Example: Making cloth, invention of Example: Making cloth, invention of

spinning wheel & steam engine.spinning wheel & steam engine. New modes of traveling: railway train and New modes of traveling: railway train and

steamships.steamships.

Implications of the new Implications of the new inventionsinventions

Goods could be produced in large Goods could be produced in large quantities cheaply and swiftly.quantities cheaply and swiftly.

Raw materials were needed outside Raw materials were needed outside Europe. They began to seek new markets Europe. They began to seek new markets outside Europe as well.outside Europe as well.

People could travel longer distances in People could travel longer distances in shorter period of time. shorter period of time.

How was Singapore affected?How was Singapore affected?

More ships visited Singapore as more Europeans More ships visited Singapore as more Europeans sailed to the East to obtain raw matrials and find sailed to the East to obtain raw matrials and find markets to sell their goods.markets to sell their goods.Steamships stopped at Singapore to refuel and Steamships stopped at Singapore to refuel and obtain food supplies from 1880s.obtain food supplies from 1880s.Communications improved. A letter which took 5 Communications improved. A letter which took 5 months to arrive from Europe now took only 5 months to arrive from Europe now took only 5 weeks with the arrival of steamships.weeks with the arrival of steamships.Singapore came into closer contact with Britain Singapore came into closer contact with Britain and the rest of the world.and the rest of the world.

Suez Canal 1859 – 1869Suez Canal 1859 – 1869

Ships travelling between Europe and Asia had Ships travelling between Europe and Asia had to sail around the southern tip of Africa, Cape to sail around the southern tip of Africa, Cape of Good Hope.of Good Hope.

This long and dangerous journey took 120 This long and dangerous journey took 120 days from London in Britain to Singapore.days from London in Britain to Singapore.

Traders sought to find a shorter route to Asia Traders sought to find a shorter route to Asia with the new need to find raw materials and with the new need to find raw materials and new markets. new markets.

Suez Canal (2)Suez Canal (2)

French engineer, Ferdinand French engineer, Ferdinand de Lesseps drew plan to de Lesseps drew plan to build the canal.build the canal.Took 10 years, $200 million Took 10 years, $200 million and 120 000 lives were and 120 000 lives were sacrificed to complete the sacrificed to complete the project.project.

Effect of the opening of the Effect of the opening of the Canal on SingaporeCanal on Singapore

(Text p. 81) Journey from London to Singapore (Text p. 81) Journey from London to Singapore was shorten to 50 days compared to 120 days was shorten to 50 days compared to 120 days previously.previously.People, cargoes and mail took a shorter time to People, cargoes and mail took a shorter time to reach Singapore.reach Singapore.Cost of shipping was reduced as more frequent Cost of shipping was reduced as more frequent trips could be made and shorter time was trips could be made and shorter time was needed.needed.Expansion of trade – volume of imports rose Expansion of trade – volume of imports rose from 25 millions to 55 millions, exports rose from 25 millions to 55 millions, exports rose from 15 millions to 43 millions. (1859 vs. 1869) from 15 millions to 43 millions. (1859 vs. 1869) –text p.82–text p.82

Effects of Opening of Canal on Effects of Opening of Canal on S’poreS’pore

1852 – New harbour was built in S’pore. (known as 1852 – New harbour was built in S’pore. (known as Keppel harbour from 1900).Keppel harbour from 1900). Deep waters allowing bigger ships to sail right Deep waters allowing bigger ships to sail right

up to the harbourup to the harbour Islands of Pulau Ubin and Sentosa sheltered the Islands of Pulau Ubin and Sentosa sheltered the

harbour from strong winds and big waves. (text harbour from strong winds and big waves. (text p.83)p.83)

1912 – Improvements made to the harbour 1912 – Improvements made to the harbour provided better and faster services at the port. provided better and faster services at the port. Singapore became one of the busiest ports in Singapore became one of the busiest ports in Asia.Asia.

World War IWorld War I

Central Powers vs. the Allied Powers.Central Powers vs. the Allied Powers.

GermanyAustria – HungaryItalyBulgariaOttoman Empire

BritainRussiaFrance FinlandAlbania SerbiaRomania PortugalGreece

Effects of WW I on S’poreEffects of WW I on S’pore

Frantic rush for food supply.Frantic rush for food supply. Prices soared as a result. Govt forbade Prices soared as a result. Govt forbade

export of large quantities of food, increased export of large quantities of food, increased rice imports and assured people. Things rice imports and assured people. Things went back to normal after a few weeks.went back to normal after a few weeks.

Sept 1914 - Arrival of German warship, Sept 1914 - Arrival of German warship, Emden threatened trade and shipping in Emden threatened trade and shipping in Singapore.Singapore. Emden destroyed by Sydney in Nov 1914 Emden destroyed by Sydney in Nov 1914

off Cocos Islands.off Cocos Islands.

Sepoy Mutiny 1915Sepoy Mutiny 1915Sepoys heard rumours that they would be sent Sepoys heard rumours that they would be sent to Europe or Turkey to fight against the to Europe or Turkey to fight against the Muslims.Muslims.They rebelled and went around killing They rebelled and went around killing Europeans in Singapore.Europeans in Singapore.Put down after 10 days.Put down after 10 days.56 Sepoys, 3 Chinese and 2 Malay, and more 56 Sepoys, 3 Chinese and 2 Malay, and more than 40 Europeans (18 civilians) were killed.than 40 Europeans (18 civilians) were killed.41 Mutineers shot to death and 126 sentenced 41 Mutineers shot to death and 126 sentenced to jail.to jail.

Effect on Local PopulationEffect on Local Population

No support from the locals.No support from the locals.Singaporean Indians did not take part in the Singaporean Indians did not take part in the mutiny.mutiny.Sikh police remained loyal to Britain.Sikh police remained loyal to Britain.Large number of Sepoys in the regiment did Large number of Sepoys in the regiment did not take part.not take part.British realised they cannot be careless about British realised they cannot be careless about defence of S’pore, threat could come from defence of S’pore, threat could come from within or outside Singapore.within or outside Singapore.

Local help to Britain during WW Local help to Britain during WW II

European volunteersEuropean volunteers Many sailed to Europe to fight the war and Many sailed to Europe to fight the war and

never came back.never came back.

Donation of fighter planesDonation of fighter planes Tan Jiak Kim presented Malayan No. 21 to Tan Jiak Kim presented Malayan No. 21 to

Britain.Britain. Altogether 53 planes donated by Altogether 53 planes donated by

Singaporeans and Malayans to fight WW I.Singaporeans and Malayans to fight WW I.

Local Help (2)Local Help (2)

Tan Jiak Kim contributed $18,000 to war Tan Jiak Kim contributed $18,000 to war funds.funds.

Donations were collected, activities were Donations were collected, activities were carried out to raise funds.carried out to raise funds.

Volunteers signed up to defend important Volunteers signed up to defend important places in Singapore.places in Singapore.

Happenings in ChinaHappenings in China

1906 - Dr Sun Yat Sen started Tong Meng 1906 - Dr Sun Yat Sen started Tong Meng Hui in Singapore.Hui in Singapore.

1911 – Fall of Qing Dynasty in China.1911 – Fall of Qing Dynasty in China.

Dr Sun stopped by Singapore when he Dr Sun stopped by Singapore when he returned to China to become the provisional returned to China to become the provisional President.President.

Many Chinese donated money and signed up Many Chinese donated money and signed up to join his revolutionary army to unite China.to join his revolutionary army to unite China.

The Great Depression 1920sThe Great Depression 1920s

Depression – great decrease in business Depression – great decrease in business activities, with widespread unemployment.activities, with widespread unemployment.Singapore was greatly affected as demand for Singapore was greatly affected as demand for tin and rubber dropped sharply.tin and rubber dropped sharply.Companies suffered losses and retrenched Companies suffered losses and retrenched workers.workers.Businessmen became bankrupt.Businessmen became bankrupt.Widespread unemployment and hardship. Widespread unemployment and hardship.

Great Depression (2)Great Depression (2)

1930 – Govt passed law to restrict and 1930 – Govt passed law to restrict and reduce number of unskilled labourers reduce number of unskilled labourers coming into S’pore. Numbers coming into S’pore. Numbers unemployed were arranged to be sent unemployed were arranged to be sent back to China and India.back to China and India.

By 1934 – business improved and trade By 1934 – business improved and trade started to pick up again.started to pick up again.

ConclusionsConclusions

As Singapore depend largely on its human As Singapore depend largely on its human resources and trade, external events will resources and trade, external events will affect us to a large extent.affect us to a large extent.

We need to stay receptive to change and We need to stay receptive to change and be creative in order to survive and strive.be creative in order to survive and strive.