CHAPTER 5 FOUNDATIONS OF GLOBALIZATION To what extent should contemporary society respond to...
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Transcript of CHAPTER 5 FOUNDATIONS OF GLOBALIZATION To what extent should contemporary society respond to...
CHAPTER 5 FOUNDATIONS
OF GLOBALIZATIONTo what extent should contemporary
society respond to legacies of historical globalization?
Key Issues1. Imperialism
2. Historic Globalization
3. Mercantilism
4. Capitalism
5. Grand Exchange
6. Industrial Revolution
National Geographic Globalization Map pulse NG
HOW & WHY DID GLOBALIZATION BEGIN?
What we will answer
• Why and how did globalization begin?
• How did the foundations of historical globalization affect people?
• How might the use of a single number system contribute to globalization?
Conflicting Theories
Some say globalization is as
old as trade among peoples
Others say it began in about 325
BCE when the Buddhist leader
Chandragupta Maurya
combined religion, trade, and
military might to create a vast
protected trading area in much of
present-day India.Still others say that globalization started in the 1100s when Genghis Khan, the Mongolian warrior-ruler, introduced the idea of fighting from horseback.
And many other experts date the rise of globalization to 1492, the year Christopher Columbus made his first trip to the Americas.
Early Trade Routes• Network of caravan tracks linked Asia and
Europe “Silk Road”
• Ideas were also transportedo Ex: The Indo-Arabic number systemo 11th C. Europeans who traded with Middle
Eastern merchants introduced the system to Italy. From Italy, this new system quickly spread throughout Europe — and today, it is used around the world.
Evolution of Globalization
1. Globalization started with goods and ideas being exchanged on trade routes.
2. Evolved with new technologies allowing Europeans to travel further in the world and creating imperialism.
o Imperialism refers to one’s country’s domination of another country’s economic, political and cultural institution.
3. Globalization is now in the period of rapid growing world markets and instant communication.
o China and India
Historical Globalization
• Historical Globalization: time period from 1492 with Christopher
Columbus to the end of WWII, 1945.– This period in time involved imperialism.
• Contemporary globalization: began after WWII when the United States
and the Soviet Union became world super powers. – This period in time also involved neo-imperialism.
• In economist’s O’Rourke and Williamson’s view:
globalization began in the 1800s, when low-cost goods from farms and factories poured into markets around the world - and access to these goods began to change the way masses of people lived.
How Historical Globalization Affected People
• Printing Press• One of the most important invention
during the second millennium • Before the press books were hand
written and copied = expensive, and took a long time to get one.
• Result: Books became more available quickly made and cheap.
• Learning how to read spread new ideas about science, religion, politics and philosophy across the world.
The Rise of Middle Class(5th-18th C.)
• As towns/cities grew, European cultures needed to adapt = Middle Class
• The Feudal System (Europe after the Dark Ages).
• People often lived in isolated, self-sufficient communities. Social status was often determined by birth, and social power was defined by the amount of land a person owned.
• The economy was based on arrangements between the lords who owned large rural estates and the peasants or serfs who worked for them.
• The towns people were more independent than the peasants because they relied on crafts and skills.
• They would trade their craft for money and this wealth became a measure of social status.
• Their independence fostered a sense of individualism and a belief that people should be able to act freely.
• This lead to the value of education and innovations such as exploration, scientific discoveries and new technologies.
• As the middle class grew larger and more influential, trade became even more important and Europeans began to look for ways to increase profits by expanding trade.
• The new ideas and new technologies, combined with a desire to profit through trade, helped lay the foundations of historical globalization.
New Ideas & Technology
• From about the 9th to the 13th century, Middle Eastern civilizations were centers of innovation and learning.
• Some new ideas and technologies were:
Gunpowder, which was invented in China, was first used in European warfare in 1324.
Astrolabe
SextantLateen
Impact of Innovation
• Think about the effects of each of these developments on trade and travel.
• Record one prediction about the significant role each development might play in the growth of globalization.
EXPLORATION
Global Competition for TRADE
• Many European countries competing to establish colonies especially those with strong seafaring traditions building empires in the Americas and in Africa
= IMPERIALISM motivated by trade(extending a country’s power by acquiring new territories and
establishing control over other countries and people)
Trade
European ImperialismLand = People = Trade = $$$ =
POWER
Mercantilism
• 16th - 18th C. European governments strictly controlled trade
• To ensure prosperity trade must favor the home country
• Colonies = source of cheap raw materials
• Prosperity = more exports then imports
“Canada”
England
Decline of Mercantilism
• 18th C.• Dissatisfaction with mercantilism was
strong in the 13 colonies• Colonists rebelled, Revolution beganResult: • War of Independence = new
independent nation of the United States of America
• Development of capitalism (Adam Smith)
Dividing up the world
• European powers: British, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese Established large colonial empires by 1770
• Believed own customs, culture, belifs were superior to those of the Indigenous peoples they metDisplased them, enslaved them
• Military advantage (guns, cannons)• Since many Indigenous people did not have
new technologies or a centralized government they were easily over thrown.
• Read p 123 Ideas as a class• Exploration Film
Effects of Colonial Settlements
• Once European countries established colonies, they encouraged settlers to emigrate/STAY on newly acquired lands
People to __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reduce conflict at homeEstablish European customs and culture
• Displaced the Indigenous peoples = _____________________________________
CONSEQUENCES OF HISTORICAL GLOBALIZATION
Results of Contact
• When Imperialism occurred Indigenous people where always sacrificed.
• Examples include:– Aztec people in Mexico– First Nations in North AmericaIn both ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Different ways of dealing with Indigenous Peoples…
• When Europeans and Indigenous peoples first met… Didn’t have info about each other
• Europeans thought they found INDIA… hence calling them Indians
• Indigenous __________________________________________________________________________
• In many cases, survival of Indigenous & Europeans depended on their relationships
Ex: Canada – French, British after FUR– Didn't’t know the way around, or how to survive
forests…– Relied on _____________________________________– = mutually beneficial trading relationship– Furs for trade goods (tools, utensils, weapons,
decorative items)
Ex: Mexico & Aztecs– Lived in area where gold could be mined– Gold ____________________________________– Aztecs lost battle for gold– Survivors enslaved to __________________________
Bartolome de Las Casas• Spanish priest/historian• Took part in conquest of Cuba… BUT
disgusted by cruelty he witnessed• Devoted his life to try securing justice
for Indigenous peoples• Thought Indigenous peoples were true
owners of the land• Tried to
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• DIDN’T WORK• Today: honored in Spain and some
former colonies – one of first Europeans to defend Indigenous Peoples.
1. Diseases
• Believed that contagious diseases imported with European soldiers and settlers took the greatest toll on Indigenous people
• _____________________________________
2. Slavery
• Existed in many civilizations• Growing demand for
________________________________________________________________________________________________
• 2 Changes in Slavery:
Chattel slavery = ________________________– Slaves & descendants were private property of owner– No legal rights
Indigenous peoples & Captures Africans– Enslaved for racial origins
Slave Work
• Slaves not allowed to learn to read/write
• Not __________________________________________________________________________
• Worked in harsh, brutal conditions• Little control over lives
• Slaves crammed into a ship
• Month long voyage across ocean
• People fed little• Lie in own filth
3. The Grand Exchange
• Columbus Americas 1493 Foods: seeds, fruit tress, livestock
• _____________________________________
Ex: Sunflowers (native to Great Plains N.A)- Exported to Europe- Russia
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
- Traded oil for wheat, barley and oats from N. A
Ex: Coffee- Africa, Arabia- Imported to Americas- Became _______________________________________
Ex: Cacao (Tropical America) - Exported to Europe chocolate
YUMMMMMYYYY
• These crops started out as luxuries • Grown in such
__________________________________________________________________________
• Changed the diet of entire societies all over the world
4. The Industrial Revolution
• Improved technology ____________________• Economic, social, cultural effects • 1750• Britain• High demand for goods (consumers)• Industrial
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Thanks to steam-powered engine invention
Steam-powered Engine
Other inventors _________________________________________________________________________________the manufacturing process
• Until then, manufacturing occurred in peoples homes
Spinning Jenny & Power Loom Before: • 10 spinners needed to make enough thread for one weaver
1764:• Spinning Jenny invented• Spinners keeping up with weavers
Few Years later:• Power Loom invented• Weavers make more cloth more quickly
Factory Work • New machines = ______________________• Many workers to operate• Only rich could afford• Built factories• Cheap
________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Traditional crafts-peoples driven out of work• FACTORY WORK change economic, social, cultural
change
• FACTORY WORK ________________________________________________________________________________________
• 1750-1850• Industry became mechanized
Britain : First to industrializeo by 1830: leading industrial powero Producing _____________________o Producing _____________________o Producing _____________________