CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS -...

181

CHAPTER 5

FINDINGS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The application of the proposed method on stretches of selected

streets in Chennai throws light on several issues. Most of these issues would

not have been identified if a typical quantitative technique had been adopted.

This chapter presents the results of the research. The findings

consist of three sections. The first section presents the evaluation results of

the pedestrian environment of selected streets in Chennai. The second section

contains graphical representations of the evaluation results. The third section

deals with the ranking of the streets, based on the statistical analysis of the

qualitative evaluation.

5.2 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION

Table 5.1 lists out the comparative performance of the selected

streets, when evaluated for Safety of the pedestrian environment. “Design

principles adopted for traffic calming” is the most critical factor, with all the

surveyed streets scoring “E”.

The results of the evaluation of Comfort characteristics is

highlighted in Table 5.2. All the streets fare very poorly with regard to “Air

pollution” and “Noise pollution”.

182

Table 5.1 Evaluation of the Safety characteristics

Parameter

Street

Cumulative

Rating of

Overall Safety

Characteristics

Degree of

obstruction

on the

sidewalks

Sidewalk

surface

conditions

Degree

of

conflict

at

crossings

Design

principles

adopted for

pedestrian

security

Design

principles

adopted

for traffic

calming

Sardar Patel Road D C D E C E

L.B.Road D E D E A E

Gandhinagar 1st Main

roadE C E E D E

Gandhinagar 2nd

Main roadD C D E D E

Sardar Patel Road

(Anna University)D E D E E E

Ranganathan Street D E D A A E

Pantheon Road D D C E C E

Rajaji Salai D C D E C E

Source: Field Survey (2008)


streets, when evaluated for Convenience. “Pedestrian crossings” is the most

critical factor, with all the surveyed streets scoring “E”.

Table 5.2 Evaluation of the Comfort characteristics

Parameter

Street

Cu

mu

lati

ve

Ra

tin

g

of

Ov

era

ll

Co

mfo

rt

Ch

aracte

rist

ics

Pro

tect

ion

from

incle

men

t w

eath

er

No

ise

Poll

uti

on

Air

Poll

uti

on

Fa

cili

tati

on

of

all

ied

acti

vit

ies

Sardar Patel Road D D E E E

L.B.Road C D E E E

Gandhinagar 1st Main Road A D E E C

Gandhinagar 2nd Main Road A C C E C

Sardar Patel Road (Anna University) C D E E E

Ranganathan Street D D A A E

Pantheon Road C E E E D

Rajaji Salai C D E E E

Source: Field Survey, 2008


streets, when evaluated for the Urban environment characteristics.

“Personalisation” is the most neglected factor, with all the surveyed streets

scoring “E”.

183

Table 5.3 Evaluation of the Convenience characteristics

Parameter

Street

Cu

mu

lati

ve R

ati

ng

Of

Ov

era

llC

on

ven

ien

ceC

hara

cter

isti

cs

Leg

ibil

ity

of

the

ped

estr

ian

en

vir

on

men

t

Ped

estr

ian

am

en

itie

s

Ped

estr

ian

cross

ings

Sardar Patel Road D C D EL.B.Road D E D EGandhinagar 1

stMain Road E C E E

Gandhinagar 2nd

Main Road D C D ESardar Patel Road (Anna University) D E D ERanganathan Street D E D APantheon Road D D C ERajaji Salai D C D E


The graphical representation of the evaluation results are depicted

in Figure 5.1, Figure 5.2, Figure 5.3 and Figure 5.4.

Figure 5.1 displays the evaluation of Safety characteristics of the

selected streets.

Table 5.4 Evaluation of the Urban Environment characteristics

Parameter

Street

Cu

mu

lati

ve R

ati

ng

of

Ov

erall

Urb

an

En

vir

on

men

tC

hara

cter

isti

cs

Ch

ara

cter

isti

cs o

fb

uil

din

gs

Ad

her

ence

to

hu

ma

n s

ca

le

Perm

ea

bil

ity

Vari

ety

Leg

ibil

ity

Ro

bu

stn

ess

Ric

hn

ess

Per

son

ali

zati

on

Sardar Patel Road B E D E D B D E EL.B.Road D E D D D D D E EGandhinagar 1

st

Main RoadD E D D C D

C D E

Gandhinagar 2nd

Main RoadD E D E D D

C E E

Sardar Patel Road(Anna University)

D E D D E D D E E

Ranganathan Street D E D E D D D A EPantheon Road D E D E D A D E ERajaji Salai B D D E D B D E E


184

“Design principle adopted for traffic calming”, “Design principles

adopted for pedestrian security”, and “Degree of conflict at crossings” are the

critical safety parameters, which require significant intervention. Figure 5.2

highlights the evaluation of Comfort characteristics of the selected streets.

“Noise pollution”, “Air pollution”, and “Facilitation of Allied Activities” are

the significant comfort parameters. Figure 5.3 displays the evaluation of

Convenience characteristics of the selected streets. “Pedestrian Amenities”

and “Pedestrian crossings” are the critical convenience parameters, with all

the streets scoring “E” or “D”. The evaluation of Urban Environment

characteristics of the selected streets is shown in Figure 5.4.

“Personalization”, “Permeability”, “Characteristics of Buildings”, “Adherence

to Human Scale”, “Variety” and “Richness” are the critical parameters, with

most of the streets faring very poorly.

Only some characteristics would be capable of exhibiting variations at

different times during the day. (Degree of obstruction on the sidewalks,

Sidewalk surface conditions, Design principles adopted for pedestrian

security, Physiological and psychological comfort, Noise pollution, Air

pollution, Facilitation of allied activities, Legibility, Imageability, Variety,

Robustness, Richness, and Personalization)

For some streets, the scores were the same for different times. But for some,

there were variations, e.g. Sardar Patel Road, L. B. Road, Ranganathan Street,

and Pantheon Road (Table 4.6, Table 4.9, Table 4.45, Table 4.47, and Table

4.53).

Table 5.5 depicts the cumulative evaluation of the pedestrian environment of

selected streets in Chennai, taking into consideration safety, comfort,

convenience, and the quality of the urban environment.

185

Figure 5.1 Graphical representation – Evaluation of the Safety

characteristics of selected streets in Chennai


EVALUATION OF SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED

STREETS IN CHENNAI

D

D

E

D

D

D

D

D

C

E

C

C

E

E

D

C

D

D

E

D

D

D

C

D

E

E

E

E

E

A

E

E

C

A

D

D

E

A

C

C

E

E

E

E

E

D

E

E

E D C B A

Sardar Patel Road

L.B.Road

Adyar Signal

Gandhinagar

1st Main Road

Gandhinagar

2nd Main Road

Sardar Patel

Road (Anna University)

Ranganathan

Street

Pantheon Road

Rajaji Salai

STREET

RATING

Overall Safety characteristics Degree of obstruction on the sidewalks

Sidewalk surface conditions Degree of conflict at crossings

Design principles adopted for pedestrian security Design principles adopted for traffic calming

186

Figure 5.2 Graphical representation – Evaluation of the Comfort



EVALUATION OF COMFORT CHARACTERISTICS OF

SELECTED STREETS IN CHENNAI

D

C

A

A

C

D

C

C

D

D

C

C

D

D

E

D

E

E

E

C

E

A

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

A

E

E

E

E

C

C

E

E

D

E

E D C B A

Sardar Patel Road

L.B.Road

Adyar Signal


Road

Gandhinagar 2nd Main

Road

Sardar Patel Road

(Anna University)

Ranganathan Street

Pantheon Road

RajajiSalai

STREET

RATING

Overall Comfort characteristics Protection from inclement weather Noise Pollution

Air Pollution Facilitation of allied activities

187

Figure 5.3 Graphical representation – Evaluation of the Convenience



EVALUATION OF CONVENIENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF

SELECTED STREETS IN CHENNAI

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

D

D

D

E

D

D

E

D

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

D

D

E

D

E

E

E D C B A

Sardar Patel Road

L.B.Road

Adyar Signal

Gandhinagar 1st

Main Road

Gandhinagar 2nd

Main Road

Sardar Patel Road

(Anna University)

Ranganathan

Street

Pantheon Road

Rajaji Salai

STREET

RATING

Overall Convenience characteristics Legibility of the pedestrian environment

Pedestrian amenities Pedestrian crossings

188

Figure 5.4 Graphical representation – Evaluation of the characteristics

of the Urban Environment of selected streets in Chennai


EVALUATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN

ENVIRONMENT OF SELECTED STREETS IN CHENNAI

B

D

D

D

D

D

D

B

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

E

D

D

E

D

E

E

E

D

D

C

D

E

D

D

D

B

D

D

D

D

D

A

B

D

D

C

C

D

D

D

D

E

E

D

E

E

A

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E D C B A

Sardar Patel Road

L.B.Road

Adyar Signal


Road

Gandhinagar 2nd Main

Road

Sardar Patel Road

(Anna University)

Ranganathan Street

Pantheon Road

Rajaji Salai

STREET

RATING

Overall characteristics of the Urban environment Characteristics of buildingsAdherence to human scale Permeability

Variety Legibility

Robustness Richness

Personalization

189

The overall pedestrian environment fares very poorly in Chennai.

With the exception of few particular stretches, the streets bear a remarkable

lack of sensitivity towards the pedestrian.

Table 5.5 Cumulative evaluation of the pedestrian environment of

selected streets in Chennai

Street

Parameter

AdyarSignal

Gan

dh

inag

ar

1st M

ain

Road

Gan

dh

inag

ar

2n

d

Main

Road

Sard

ar

Pate

l R

oad

(An

na

Un

iver

sity

)

Ra

ng

an

ath

an

Str

eet

Pa

nth

eon

Ro

ad

Ra

jaji

Sa

lai

Sa

rd

ar P

ate

l

Road

L.B

.Road

Cumulative Rating of Overall SafetyCharacteristics

D D E D D D D D

Cum

ula

tive

Rat

ing

of

Det

aile

d S

afet

yC

har

acte

rist

ics

Degree of obstruction on thesidewalks

C E C C E E D C

Sidewalk surface conditions D D E D D D C D

Degree of conflict at crossings E E E E E A E EDesign principles adopted for

pedestrian securityC A D D E A C C

Design principles adopted fortraffic calming

E E E E E D E E

Cumulative Rating of Overall ComfortCharacteristics

D C A A C D C C

Cum

ula

tive

Rat

ing

of

Det

aile

dC

om

fort

Char

acte

rist

ics

Protection from inclementweather

D D D C D D E D

Noise Pollution E E E C E A E EAir Pollution E E E E E A E E

Facilitation of allied activities E E C C E E D E

Cumulative Rating of Overall ConvenienceCharacteristics

E E E E E E E E

Cum

ula

tive

Rat

ing o

fD

etai

led

Conven

ience

Char

acte

rist

ics Legibility of the pedestrian

environmentD D D E D D E D

Pedestrian amenities E E E E E E E E

Pedestrian crossings E E D D E D E E

Cumulative Rating of Overall UrbanEnvironment Characteristics

B D D D D D D B

Cum

ula

tive

Rat

ing

of

Det

aile

d U

rban

Envir

onm

ent

Char

acte

rist

ics

Characteristics of buildings E E E E E E E D

Adherence to human scale D D D D D D D DPermeability E D D E D E E E

Variety D D C D E D D DLegibility B D D D D D A B

Robustness D D C C D D D D

Richness E E D E E A E EPersonalization E E E E E E E E


190

A detailed look at the various grades awarded across all streets and all

parameters in Table 5.5 reveals that:

Of a total of 192 grades awarded for various parameters across eight streets,

Grade A accounted for 09

Grade B accounted for 04

Grade C accounted for 19

Grade D accounted for 71, and

Grade E accounted for 89.

5.2.1 Ranking of the Streets on Overall Characteristics

Using a score of A=5 to E=1, a ranking of the streets based on the

overall characteristics of safety, comfort, convenience and the urban

environment was carried out. The results are displayed in Table 5.6, Table

5.7, Table 5.8, and Table 5.9 respectively.

Table 5.6 reveals that all the streets fare poorly with regard to overall

pedestrian safety, scoring “D”, while Gandhinagar First Main Road scores

“E”. The priority for remedial measures would be:

1. Gandhinagar 1st Main Road - rating of “E” - requires immediate

intervention

2. All other streets – rating of “D” - require equal attention next

Table 5.7 displays the rating of Overall comfort characteristics. Gandhinagar

First Main Road and Gandhinagar Second Main Road lead the rankings of

overall comfort, while Sardar Patel Road (Adyar Signal) and Ranganathan

Street offer the most uncomfortable environment. The priority for remedial

measures would be:

1. Sardar Patel Road and Ranganathan Street - rating of “D” -

requires immediate intervention.

2. L.B.Road, Sardar Patel Road (Anna University), Pantheon

Road, and Rajaji Salai – “C” - require equal attention next.

191

3. Gandhinagar 1st Main Road and 2

nd Main Road - rating of “A” -

need to be examined last.

Table 5.8 displays the rating of Overall convenience characteristics. All the

streets fare poorly with regard to overall pedestrian convenience, scoring “D”,

while Gandhinagar First Main Road has the most inconvenient pedestrian

environment, with a score of “E”. The priority would therefore be:

1. Gandhinagar 1st Main Road - “E” - requires immediate

intervention.

2. All other streets – rating of “D” - require equal attention next.

Table 5.9 (Page 212) displays the rating of Overall urban environment

characteristics. Sardar Patel Road (Adyar Signal) and Rajaji Salai have the

best pedestrian urban environment. The priority would therefore be:

1. L.B.Road, Gandhinagar 1st and 2nd Main Road, Sardar Patel

Road (Anna University), Ranganathan Street, and Pantheon

Road - rating of “D” - requires immediate intervention.

2. Sardar Patel Road and Rajaji Salai – rating of “B” - require

equal attention next.

Table 5.6 Ranking of the streets on the Overall Safety characteristics

Parameter

Street

Cumulative Rating

of Overall Safety

Characteristics

Score Ranking

Sardar Patel Road D 2 1

L.B.Road D 2 1

Gandhinagar 1st Main Road E 1 2

Gandhinagar 2nd

Main Road D 2 1

Sardar Patel Road (Anna University) D 2 1

Ranganathan Street D 2 1

Pantheon Road D 2 1

Rajaji Salai D 2 1


192

Table 5.7 Ranking of the streets on the Overall Comfort characteristics

Parameter

Street

Cumulative Ratingof Overall Comfort

CharacteristicsScore Ranking


L.B.Road C 3 2

Gandhinagar 1st

Main Road A 5 1Gandhinagar 2

ndMain Road A 5 1

Sardar Patel Road (Anna University) C 3 2


Pantheon Road C 3 2Rajaji Salai C 3 2


Table 5.8 Ranking of the streets on the Overall Convenience characteristics

Parameter

Street

Cumulative Rating of

Overall Convenience

Characteristics

Score Ranking


L.B.Road D 2 1

Gandhinagar 1st Main Road E 1 2

Gandhinagar 2nd

Main Road D 2 1

Sardar Patel Road (Anna Univ.) D 2 1


Pantheon Road D 2 1

Rajaji Salai D 2 1Source: Field Survey (2008)

Table 5.9 Ranking of the streets on the Overall Urban Environment

characteristics

Parameter

Street

Cumulative Rating of

Overall Urban

Environment

Characteristics

Score Ranking

Sardar Patel Road B 4 1

L.B.Road D 2 2

Gandhinagar 1st Main Road D 2 2

Gandhinagar 2nd

Main Road D 2 2

Sardar Patel Road (Anna Univ.) D 2 2


Pantheon Road D 2 2

Rajaji Salai B 4 1


193

5.2.2 Ranking of the streets on the Detailed Characteristics

Once a particular street is chosen for improvement, the

Cumulative rating of Detailed characteristics of safety, comfort, convenience,

and the quality of the urban environment could be used in prioritizing works

to be carried out on that particular street. Thus it would be helpful in selecting

the particular characteristics which require immediate design intervention.

The ranking of the Overall characteristics is distinct from the ranking of the

Detailed characteristics; they cannot be compared to each other.

But, when two or more streets receive a same rating, the ranking

of the Detailed characteristics using a statistical method (Table 5.10, Table

5.11, Table 5.12, and Table 5.13) can facilitate the identification of streets

which need priority for specific remedial measures. Whichever street receives

a lesser Detailed rating is taken up for redesign first. If two or more streets

still share the same Detailed rating, then equal consideration is to be provided

to them.

Safety and Comfort are the two characteristics which are critical

to the life and health of a pedestrian. Thus in a situation where all parameters

receive the same rating, Safety could be considered first when designing

remedial measures, followed by Comfort. Convenience and the Quality of the

urban environment could be given equal consideration.

A statistical analysis of the evaluation data using the Kruskall-

Wallis One-way Anova was used to rank the selected streets on the detailed

characteristics of safety, comfort, convenience and the urban environment.

The results of this statistical analysis are displayed in Table 5.10, Table 5.11,

Table 5.12, and Table 5.13 respectively.

For comparing the mean rank of the eight selected streets with

regard to Safety, the Kruskall-Wallis One-way Anova is applied. Here the

194

null hypothesis is that there is no significant difference between the mean

rank of the eight streets with regard to Safety. Since P value is greater than

0.05, the null hypothesis is accepted at a 5% level of significance. Hence there

is no significant difference between the mean ranks of the eight streets with

regard to Safety at 5% level of significance. As Table 5.10 depicts,

Ranganathan Street offers the safest pedestrian environment, while Sardar

Patel Road (Anna University) is ranked the least.

Table 5.10 Ranking of the streets on the Detailed Safety characteristics

Street Mean

Rank

Chi-

SquareP value

Ranking of

Street on

Detailed Safety

Characteristics

Sardar Patel Road 22.30

5.3338 0.6193

2

L.B.Road 18.70 4

Gandhinagar 1st

Main Road 17.60 5

Gandhinagar 2nd

Main Road 20.50 3

Sardar Patel Road (Anna

University)12.90 6

Ranganathan Street 27.40 1

Pantheon Road 22.30 2

Rajaji Salai 22.30 2



regard to Comfort, the Kruskall-Wallis One-way Anova is applied. Here the

null hypothesis is that there is no significant difference between the mean

ranks of the eight streets with regard to Comfort. Since P value is greater than

0.05, the null hypothesis is accepted at a 5% level of significance. Hence there

is no significant difference between the mean ranks of the eight streets with

regard to Comfort at 5% level of significance. Table 5.11 reveals that

Ranganathan Street is the most comfortable, followed closely by Gandhinagar

Second Main Road.

195

Table 5.11 Ranking of the streets on the Detailed Comfort characteristics

Street MeanRank

Chi-Square

P valueRanking of Street on

Detailed ComfortCharacteristics

Sardar Patel Road 13.25

9.6506 0.2093

4L.B.Road 13.25 4Gandhinagar 1

stMain Road 17.88 3

Gandhinagar 2nd

Main Road 23.88 2Sardar Patel Road (Anna University) 13.25 4Ranganathan Street 24.00 1Pantheon Road 13.25 4Rajaji Salai 13.25 4



regard to Convenience, the Kruskall-Wallis One-way Anova is applied. Here

the null hypothesis is that there is no significant difference between the mean

ranks of the eight streets with regard to Convenience. Since P value is greater

than 0.05, the null hypothesis is accepted at a 5% level of significance. Hence

there is no significant difference between the mean ranks of the eight streets

with regard to Convenience at 5% level of significance. Gandhinagar First

Main Road and Ranganathan Street are the most convenient streets, while

Pantheon Road offers the least convenience, as highlighted by Table 5.12.

Table 5.12 Ranking of the streets on the Detailed Convenience characteristics

Street MeanRank

Chi-Square

P valueRanking of Street onDetailed Convenience

CharacteristicsSardar Patel Road 12.00

3.9185 0.7891


stMain Road 16.00 1

Gandhinagar 2nd

Main Road 12.00 2Sardar Patel Road (Anna Univ.) 12.00 2Ranganathan Street 16.00 1Pantheon Road 8.00 3Rajaji Salai 12.00 2



regard to Quality of the Urban environment, the Kruskall-Wallis One-way

196

Anova is applied. Here the null hypothesis is that there is no significant

difference between the mean ranks of the eight streets with regard to Quality

of the Urban environment. Since P value is greater than 0.05, the null

hypothesis is accepted at a 5% level of significance. Hence there is no

significant difference between the mean ranks of the eight streets with regard

to Quality of the Urban environment at 5% level of significance. Table 5.13

shows that Gandhinagar First Main Road and Rajaji Salai have the best urban

environment, while Sardar Patel Road (Anna University) and Ranganathan

Street possess the least quality of the urban environment.

Table 5.13 Ranking of the streets on the Detailed Urban Environment

characteristics

Street MeanRank

Chi-Square

Pvalue

Ranking of Street onDetailed UrbanEnvironment

CharacteristicsSardar Patel Road 24.08

2.5529 0.9231


stMain Road 29.83 1

Gandhinagar 2nd

Main Road 23.67 6Sardar Patel Road (Anna Univ.) 21.00 7Ranganathan Street 21.00 7Pantheon Road 24.33 4Rajaji Salai 27.58 2


Thus, the priority of streets for corrective action would be as follows:

Safety:

1. Gandhinagar 1st Main Road

2. Sardar Patel Road (Anna University)

3. L.B.Road

4. Gandhinagar 2nd Main Road

5. Sardar Patel Road, Pantheon Road, and Rajaji Salai

6. Ranganathan Street

197

Comfort:

1. Sardar Patel Road


3. L.B.Road, Sardar Patel Road (Anna University), Pantheon

Road, and Rajaji Salai



Convenience:


2. Pantheon Road

3. Sardar Patel Road, L.B.Road, Gandhinagar 2nd Main Road,

Sardar Patel Road (Anna University), and Rajaji Salai


Urban environment:

1. Sardar Patel Road (Anna University) and Ranganathan Street


3. Pantheon Road

4. L.B.Road


6. Sardar Patel Road

7. Rajaji Salai

5.2.3 Ranking of the Characteristics

A statistical analysis of the evaluation data using the Friedman

Two-way Anova was used to rank the characteristics both at the overall and

198

the detailed level, as this test is ideal when comparing k dependent samples.

The results of this statistical analysis are displayed in Table 5.14, Table 5.15,

Table 5.16, Table 5.17, and Table 5.18 respectively.

This tabulation of the ranking of characteristics helps in

highlighting the critical characteristics and parameters across the entire

spectrum of the surveyed streets. This statistical exercise pinpoints the overall

performance of a characteristic or a parameter within a characteristic.

For comparing the mean rank of the Overall characteristics, the

Friedman Two-way Anova is applied. Here the null hypothesis is that there is

no significant difference between the mean ranks of the Overall

characteristics. Since P value is less than 0.01, the null hypothesis is rejected

at a 1% level of significance. Hence there is a significant difference between

the mean ranks of the Overall characteristics at 1% level of significance.

Thus, as Table 5.14 Ranking of the Overall characteristics reveal, Overall

Convenience fares poorly across all the selected streets, when compared to the

other characteristics like safety, comfort, and the quality of the urban

environment.

Table 5.14 Ranking of the Overall characteristics

CharacteristicsMean

Rank

Chi-

SquareP value

Ranking of

Characteristics

Overall Safety 2.38

16.6125 0.0008**

3

Overall Comfort 3.56 1

Overall Convenience 1.06 4

Overall Urban Environment 3.00 2


For comparing the mean rank of the Detailed Safety

characteristics, the Friedman Two-way Anova is applied. Here the null

hypothesis is that there is no significant difference between the mean ranks of

199

the Detailed Safety characteristics. Since P value is greater than 0.01 and less

than 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected at a 5% level of significance. Hence

there is a significant difference between the mean ranks of the Detailed Safety

characteristics at 5% level of significance. With regard to Detailed Safety,

“Design Principles adopted for Traffic Calming” is very inadequate, as

highlighted by Table 5.15.

Table 5.15 Ranking of the Detailed Safety characteristics

Detailed Safety CharacteristicsMean

Rank

Chi-

SquareP value

Ranking of

Characteristics

Degree of obstruction on the

sidewalks3.44

11.7750 0.0191*

2

Sidewalk surface conditions 3.44 2

Degree of conflict at crossings 2.13 3

Design principles adopted for

pedestrian security4.13 1

Design principles adopted for

traffic calming1.88 4


For comparing the mean rank of the Detailed Comfort



the Detailed Comfort characteristics. Since P value is greater than 0.05, the

null hypothesis is accepted at a 5% level of significance. Hence there is no

significant difference between the mean ranks of the Detailed Comfort

characteristics at 5% level of significance. With regard to Detailed Comfort,

“Air Pollution” is the most critical parameter requiring remedial intervention,

as highlighted by Table 5.16.

200

Table 5.16 Ranking of the Detailed Comfort characteristics

Detailed Comfort

Characteristics

Mean

Rank

Chi-

SquareP value

Ranking of

Characteristics

Protection from inclement

weather3.25

4.2000 0.2047

1

Noise pollution 2.25 3

Air pollution 2.00 4

Facilitation of allied activities 2.50 2


For comparing the mean rank of the Detailed Convenience



the Detailed Convenience characteristics. Since P value is greater than 0.05,

the null hypothesis is accepted at a 5% level of significance. Hence there is no

significant difference between the mean ranks of the Detailed Convenience

characteristics at 5% level of significance. According to Table 5.17,

“Pedestrian Amenities” require immediate intervention.

Table 5.17 Ranking of the Detailed Convenience characteristics

Detailed Convenience

Characteristics

Mean

Rank

Chi-

SquareP value

Ranking of

Characteristics

Legibility of the pedestrian

environment2.56

5.0625 0.0796

1

Pedestrian amenities 1.44 3

Pedestrian crossings 2.00 2


For comparing the mean rank of the Detailed Urban

Environment characteristics, the Friedman Two-way Anova is applied. Here

the null hypothesis is that there is no significant difference between the mean

ranks of the Detailed Urban Environment characteristics. Since P value is less

201

than 0.01, the null hypothesis is rejected at a 1% level of significance. Hence

there is a significant difference between the mean ranks of the Detailed Urban

Environment characteristics at 1% level of significance. A ranking of the

Detailed Urban Environment characteristics is depicted in Table 5.18. This

reveals that, “Personalization”, “Characteristics of Buildings”, “Richness”,

“Permeability”, and “Variety” are the critical parameters which are grossly

deficient.

Table 5.18 Ranking of the Detailed Urban Environment characteristics

Detailed Urban Environment

Characteristics

Mean

Rank

Chi-

SquareP value

Ranking of

Characteristics

Characteristics of buildings 2.63

29.0000 0.0001**

7

Adherence to human scale 5.75 3

Permeability 3.56 5

Variety 5.63 4

Legibility 6.56 1

Robustness 6.38 2

Richness 3.31 6

Personalization 2.19 8


5.3 SUMMARY

The findings of the research study, comprising of the evaluation results, the

graphical representations and the statistical analysis of the evaluation data,

help to provide a comprehensive assessment of the pedestrian environment.

The statistical analysis helps to schedule improvement works, based on the

respective ranking of the streets. The next chapter deals with the conclusions

and recommendations of the research work.

CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS -...

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