Chapter 5: Evolution and Community Ecology. 1. Explain the difference between producer and consumer....

Chapter 5: Chapter 5: Evolution and Evolution and

Community EcologyCommunity Ecology

1.1. Explain the difference between producer and consumer.Explain the difference between producer and consumer.

2.2. Explain the effect of inefficient energy transfer on Explain the effect of inefficient energy transfer on community structure.community structure.

3.3. Describe the types of ecological successionDescribe the types of ecological succession

4.4. Explain what pioneer species areExplain what pioneer species are

5.5. Explain the conditions necessary for a species to become Explain the conditions necessary for a species to become invasive. invasive.

6.6. Define the terms: Define the terms: primary producer, photosynthesis, primary producer, photosynthesis, consumer, cellular respiration, herbivore, carnivore, consumer, cellular respiration, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detritivore, decomposer, trophic level, food omnivore, detritivore, decomposer, trophic level, food chain, biomass, food web, keystone species, ecological chain, biomass, food web, keystone species, ecological succession, primary succession, secondary succession, succession, primary succession, secondary succession, pioneer species. pioneer species.

Section 4 How Ecosystems Section 4 How Ecosystems ChangeChange

►Describe the types of ecological Describe the types of ecological successionsuccession

►Explain what pioneer species areExplain what pioneer species are►Explain the conditions necessary for a Explain the conditions necessary for a

species to become invasive. species to become invasive. ►Terms: ecological succession, primary Terms: ecological succession, primary

succession, secondary succession, succession, secondary succession, pioneer speciespioneer species

Section 3: Ecological Section 3: Ecological Communities Communities

►Explain the difference between producer Explain the difference between producer and consumer.and consumer.

►Explain the effect of inefficient energy Explain the effect of inefficient energy transfer on community structure.transfer on community structure.

►TERMS: TERMS: primary producer, primary producer, photosynthesis, consumer, cellular photosynthesis, consumer, cellular respiration, herbivore, carnivore, respiration, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detritivore, decomposer, omnivore, detritivore, decomposer, trophic level, food chain, biomass, food trophic level, food chain, biomass, food web, keystone species. web, keystone species.

What makes an ecosystem like this “work?”

Life Depends ENERGY, LOTS Life Depends ENERGY, LOTS OF ENERGY…from the OF ENERGY…from the SunSun

• Average Star

• 93 million miles away

• Nuclear Fusion

• No Sun, No Life

Life Depends on the SunLife Depends on the SunALL organisms need a constant supply of energy or they die

Why do plants grow upwards?

Life Depends on the SunLife Depends on the Sun

►The ultimate source The ultimate source of almost all energy of almost all energy for organisms is the for organisms is the SUN.SUN.

►What did you eat? What did you eat? (Nuclear Powered?)(Nuclear Powered?)

►Only some deep sea Only some deep sea creatures do not get creatures do not get energy from sunenergy from sun

Mmmm, solar energy tastes good!

Life Depends on the SunLife Depends on the Sun

►Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis: plants use the plants use the suns energy, suns energy, water and CO2, water and CO2, to make to make energy.energy.

►Base of ALL Base of ALL food chains food chains

Almost all organisms depend either directly or indirectly on photosynthesis

From Producer to ConsumerFrom Producer to Consumer

►Producer: an Producer: an organism that organism that makes it own foodmakes it own food

►PlantsPlants

►Autotrophs, Autotrophs, self-feedersself-feeders

►Use sunlightUse sunlight►Base of all food Base of all food

chainschains

From Producer to ConsumerFrom Producer to Consumer

►Consumer: gets it Consumer: gets it energy by eating energy by eating producers or producers or other consumersother consumers

►HeterotrophHeterotrophss

► Indirectly solar Indirectly solar poweredpowered

Types of ConsumersTypes of Consumers

►Herbivore: eats only producersHerbivore: eats only producers (vegetarian)(vegetarian)

►Cows, sheep, deer, grasshopper, mice, Cows, sheep, deer, grasshopper, mice, rabbits rabbits


►Carnivore: eats Carnivore: eats other consumersother consumers

►Lion, hawks, Lion, hawks, snakes, alligator, snakes, alligator, whaleswhales


►Omnivore: eats Omnivore: eats both producers both producers and consumersand consumers

►Bears, pigs, Bears, pigs, raccoons and raccoons and most humansmost humans


►Decomposer: Decomposer: breaks down breaks down dead decaying dead decaying organismsorganisms

►Critical to Critical to ecosystem healthecosystem health

►Returns nutrientsReturns nutrients►Fungus, bacteriaFungus, bacteria

Detritivores and decomposers: recycle nutrients within the ecosystem by breaking down nonliving organic matter

How do Organisms Use How do Organisms Use EnergyEnergy

Most organisms spend large amounts of time/energy in search of food and a mate.

How do Organisms Use How do Organisms Use EnergyEnergy

►Cellular Respiration: Cellular Respiration: processes of processes of breaking down food breaking down food to yield energyto yield energy

►Gives energy to Gives energy to walk, read, grow, walk, read, grow, think, run, fight think, run, fight diseasesdiseases

►Excess stored as fatExcess stored as fat

Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen yields carbon dioxide + water +energy

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

Energy TransferEnergy Transfer

Each time one organism eats another, energy is transferred

Ecosystems are all about energy flowing from one organism to another


►Who are the Who are the producers?producers?

► Consumers?Consumers?►Herbivores?Herbivores?► Carnivores?Carnivores?►Omnivores?Omnivores?►Decomposers?Decomposers?►Where does the Where does the

energy start?energy start?


►Food Chain: Food Chain: sequence in sequence in which energy is which energy is transferred from transferred from one organism to one organism to anotheranother

►Starts with Starts with producersproducers

Energy FlowEnergy Flow

►Food Web: Food Web: shows many shows many feeding feeding relationships relationships that are possible that are possible in a ecosystemin a ecosystem

►More complex More complex and realisticand realistic


►Trophic Level: Trophic Level: each step which each step which energy is energy is transferredtransferred

Energy Pyramid

Energy FlowEnergy Flow►Why are there Why are there

fewer organisms fewer organisms at the top? (Why at the top? (Why fewer bears than fewer bears than the fruit they feed the fruit they feed on)on)

►Why aren’t there Why aren’t there more than 4-5 more than 4-5 trophic levels in a trophic levels in a energy pyramid?energy pyramid?


►At each trophic At each trophic level about 90% level about 90% of energy is lostof energy is lost

►Cellular Cellular respirationrespiration

►Lost to heat body Lost to heat body and carry out and carry out livingliving


►Why are there fewer Why are there fewer organisms at the organisms at the top? (Why fewer top? (Why fewer bears than the fruit bears than the fruit they feed on)they feed on)

►Why aren’t there Why aren’t there more than 4-5 more than 4-5 trophic levels in a trophic levels in a energy pyramid?energy pyramid?

What does this diagram show?

Keystone SpeciesKeystone Species

►Species that have Species that have strong and/or strong and/or wide-reaching wide-reaching effects on a effects on a communitycommunity

►Removal of a Removal of a keystone species keystone species can significantly can significantly alter the structure alter the structure of a community.of a community.

Section 3 ReviewSection 3 Review

►Explain the difference between producer Explain the difference between producer and consumer.and consumer.

►Explain the effect of inefficient energy Explain the effect of inefficient energy transfer on community structure.transfer on community structure.

►TERMS: TERMS: primary producer, photosynthesis, primary producer, photosynthesis, consumer, cellular respiration, herbivore, consumer, cellular respiration, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detritivore, carnivore, omnivore, detritivore, decomposer, trophic level, food chain, decomposer, trophic level, food chain, biomass, food web, keystone species. biomass, food web, keystone species.

Section 3 QuizSection 3 Quiz1) The ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem in which deer eat grass and coyotes eat deer isA. the grass.B. the sun.C. the deer.D. chemosynthesis.

B. The SUN

2) When energy is transferred between trophic levels, the amount of available energy lost is aboutA. 90 percent.B. 50 percent.C. 25 percent.D. 10 percent.

A. 90%

3) Humans are generallyA. carnivores.B. herbivores.C. omnivores.D. detrivores.

C. Omnivores

4) Any organism that uses the sun’s energy to create sugars is aA. primary producer.B. secondary producer.C. primary consumer.D. secondary consumer.

A. primary producer.

5) In a food web that consists of grass, mice, deer, coyotes, and hawks, which species is likely to have the greatest biomass?A. grassB. miceC. coyotesD. hawks

A. grass

6) The first level of all food pyramidsA. consists of primary producers.B. consist of primary consumers.C. is chemosynthesis.D. is photosynthesis.

A. consists of primary producers.

7) Short Answer: 7) Short Answer: In a meadow community, you observe a high biomass of plants, a fairly high number of rodents, but only a single fox. Explain.This is due to inefficient energy transfer through the food web. Only about 10 percent of energy is available from one level to the next, so a high biomass of plants will support only a few predators.

8) Short Answer: 8) Short Answer: Grasslands are generally considered highly productive ecosystems, and we see some of the largest and most diverse assemblages of mammal species on grasslands such as the Serengeti. Why do you think this is, as opposed to an ecosystem like a northern pine forest, for example?

Grasslands produce a huge amount of available plant energy, which in turn supports a large number of herbivores, and a higher concentration of carnivores. A forest contains a lot of biomass as unavailable woody material that animals cannot easily consume, so energy remains locked at the producer level.

9) Short Answer: 9) Short Answer: Explain why a food web is a better representation of energy flow in a community than a food chain.

A chain represents a single avenue of energy transfer. In reality, there are numerous relationships between a single species and the other species in its community, so energy might travel along any of several paths.

10) Identify a producer, a primary consumer, and a secondary consumer from the illustration.

Plants are producers. Deer, crayfish, moorhens, raccoons, shrimp, and flagfish are primary consumers. Pin frogs, bobcats, alligators, crayfish, killfish, largemouth bass, anhingas, and alligators are secondary consumers.

11) If an anhinga consumes a crayfish, what percentage of the energy of the crayfish’s original plant-based meal will reach the anhinga?One percent of the original energy of the plants will be available to the anhinga.

12) Which populations in this ecosystem would you expect to have the fewest members, and why?The anhingas, bobcats, and alligators would probably be fewer in number than other species, since they are secondary or tertiary consumers and much of the ecosystem’s energy has been lost by the time it reaches them.

13) What would happen if alligators were removed from the ecosystem? Explain the effects on each level of the food web.The alligator’s prey species might increase, which might put pressure on plant resources and on other species that the alligator’s prey species eat. On the other hand, competitors of the alligator would most likely flourish, so anhingas might also experience an increase in population.

14) Identify two species in this web that might compete with each other, and explain which resources they compete for.Alligators and bobcats are competing for food in the form of moorhens. Raccoons, moorhens, white-tailed deer, crayfish, glass shrimp, and flagfish compete for plant foods. Anhingas and alligators compete for pin frogs. Pin frogs and anhingas compete for crayfish. Bass and anhingas compete for killfish. Bass and killfish compete for grass shrimp and worms.

Section 4 How Ecosystems Section 4 How Ecosystems ChangeChange


►Explain what pioneer species areExplain what pioneer species are►Explain the conditions necessary for a Explain the conditions necessary for a



Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession

► Ecosystems Ecosystems constantly are constantly are changing changing (some fast (some fast some slowly)some slowly)

► Young Forests Young Forests vs. Old Forestvs. Old Forest

►Quick change Quick change like fire, or like fire, or volcanic volcanic eruptioneruption

Ecological DisturbancesEcological DisturbancesA community in equilibrium is generally stable and balanced, with most populations at or around carrying capacity.

Disturbances or changes in the environment can throw a community into disequilibrium.

Severe disturbances can cause permanent changes to a community and initiate a predictable series of changes called succession


►Ecological Ecological Succession: the Succession: the gradual change gradual change and replacement and replacement of some or all of some or all species in a species in a communitycommunity

►Neighborhood Neighborhood changes over timechanges over time


►Primary Primary Succession: occurs Succession: occurs on a surface where on a surface where no ecosystem no ecosystem existed beforeexisted before (FIRST)(FIRST)

►Rocks, sand dunesRocks, sand dunes►Uncommon!Uncommon!

Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession

►Occurs when there are no traces of the Occurs when there are no traces of the original community remaining, including original community remaining, including vegetation and soilvegetation and soil


►Secondary Secondary Succession: occurs Succession: occurs on a surface where on a surface where an ecosystem has an ecosystem has previously existedpreviously existed

►More commonMore common►Land Disturbed by Land Disturbed by

humans, other humans, other animalsanimals

►Flood, fire, volcanoFlood, fire, volcano

Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession► Occurs when a Occurs when a

disturbance disturbance dramatically alters a dramatically alters a community but does community but does not completely not completely destroy itdestroy it

► Common after Common after disturbances such as disturbances such as fire, logging, or fire, logging, or farmingfarming

► Occurs significantly Occurs significantly faster than primary faster than primary successionsuccession

Secondary ecological succession after a fire on the left

Fires are a natural part of many forest ecosystems

Ecological Primary Ecological Primary SuccessionSuccession

►Pioneer Species: Pioneer Species: first organisms to first organisms to colonize a newly colonize a newly available landavailable land

►Lichens, bacteria, Lichens, bacteria, small plants often small plants often pioneerspioneers

Ecological SuccessionEcological SuccessionClimax Community: final stable community.

• Continues to change in small ways, but fairly stable if undisturbed

Invasive SpeciesInvasive Species• Nonnative

organisms that spread widely in a community

• A lack of limiting factors such as predators, parasites, or competitors enables their population to grow unchecked.

Not all invasive species are harmful

Did You Know? Although the European honeybee is invasive to North America, it is beneficial because it pollinates our agricultural crops.

Did You Know? Although the European honeybee is invasive to North America, it is beneficial because it pollinates our agricultural crops.

►The zebra mussel has The zebra mussel has completely displaced completely displaced 20 native mussel 20 native mussel species in Lake St. species in Lake St. Clair.Clair.

►The zebra mussel has The zebra mussel has completely displaced completely displaced 20 native mussel 20 native mussel species in Lake St. species in Lake St. Clair.Clair.

Section 4 Ecosystem Section 4 Ecosystem Changes ReviewChanges Review


►Explain what pioneer species areExplain what pioneer species are►Explain the conditions necessary for s Explain the conditions necessary for s



Section 4 QuizSection 4 Quiz

1) In the years immediately after a fire, a forest will experienceA. primary succession.B. secondary succession.C. tertiary succession.D. a climax community.

B. Secondary Succession

2) A landslide causes part of a mountainside to fall away, leaving bare rock. In the years immediately following the landslide, the area will experienceA. primary succession.B. secondary succession.C. tertiary succession.D. a climax community.A. Primary Succession

3) If these are present in a new environment, a species is unlikely to become invasive.A. predators, parasites, and competitorsB. cane toads, kudzu, and zebra musselsC. exotic speciesD. symbiotic and commensalist species

A. predators, parasites, and competitors

Fill in blankFill in blank

4) A species introduced to a new environment without limiting factors could become ____________________.

Invasive

True or FalseTrue or False

5) An invasive species is a species that has been introduced to a new area and lacks limiting factors.

TRUE

Chapter 5: Evolution and Community Ecology. 1. Explain the difference between producer and consumer....

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