Chapter 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control
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Transcript of Chapter 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control
LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT 17THMILLER/SPOOLMAN
Chapter 5Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control
Core Case Study: Southern Sea Otters: Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction?• Habitat
• Hunted: early 1900s
• Partial recovery
• Why care about sea otters?• Ethics• Tourism dollars• Keystone species
Southern Sea Otter
Fig. 5-1a, p. 104
5-1 How Do Species Interact?
• Concept 5-1 Five types of species interactions—competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism—affect the resource use and population sizes of the species in an ecosystem.
Species Interact in Five Major Ways• Interspecific Competition
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
Most Species Compete with One Another for Certain Resources
• For limited resources
• Ecological niche for exploiting resources
• Some niches overlap
Some Species Evolve Ways to Share Resources
• Resource partitioning• Using only parts of resource
• Using at different times
• Using in different ways
Resource Partitioning Among Warblers
Fig. 5-2, p. 106
Fig. 5-2, p. 106
Blackburnian Warbler
Black-throated Green Warbler
Cape May Warbler
Bay-breasted Warbler
Yellow-rumped Warbler
Cape May Warbler
Stepped Art
Blackburnian Warbler
Black-throated Green Warbler
Yellow-rumped Warbler
Bay-breasted Warbler
Fig. 5-2, p. 106
Specialist Species of Honeycreepers
Fig. 5-3, p. 107
Fig. 5-3, p. 107
Fruit and seed eaters Insect and nectar eaters
Greater Koa-finch
Kuai Akialaoa
Amakihi
Kona Grosbeak
Crested HoneycreeperAkiapolaau
Maui Parrotbill Apapane
Unknown finch ancestor
Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (1)
• Predators may capture prey by1. Walking2. Swimming3. Flying4. Pursuit and ambush5. Camouflage6. Chemical warfare
Predator-Prey Relationships
Fig. 5-4, p. 107
Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (2)
• Prey may avoid capture by1. Run, swim, fly2. Protection: shells, bark, thorns3. Camouflage4. Chemical warfare5. Warning coloration6. Mimicry7. Deceptive looks8. Deceptive behavior
Some Ways Prey Species Avoid Their Predators
Fig. 5-5, p. 109
Fig. 5-5a, p. 109
(a) Span worm
Fig. 5-5b, p. 109
(b) Wandering leaf insect
Fig. 5-5c, p. 109
(c) Bombardier beetle
Fig. 5-5d, p. 109
(d) Foul-tasting monarch butterfly
Fig. 5-5e, p. 109
(e) Poison dart frog
Fig. 5-5f, p. 109
(f) Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly
Fig. 5-5g, p. 109
(g) Hind wings of Io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal.
Fig. 5-5h, p. 109
(h) When touched, snake caterpillar changes shape to look like head of snake.
(d) Foul-tasting monarch butterfly
(e) Poison dart frog
Stepped Art
(h) When touched,snake caterpillar changesshape to look like head of snake.
(a) Span worm (b) Wandering leaf insect
(c) Bombardier beetle
(f) Viceroy butterfly mimicsmonarch butterfly
(g) Hind wings of Io mothresemble eyes of a muchlarger animal.
Fig. 5-5, p. 109
Science Focus: Threats to Kelp Forests• Kelp forests: biologically diverse marine habitat
• Major threats to kelp forests1. Sea urchins2. Pollution from water run-off3. Global warming
Purple Sea Urchin
Fig. 5-A, p. 108
Predator and Prey Interactions Can Drive Each Other’s Evolution
• Intense natural selection pressures between predator and prey populations
• Coevolution• Interact over a long period of time• Bats and moths: echolocation of bats and sensitive
hearing of moths
Coevolution: A Langohrfledermaus Bat Hunting a Moth
Fig. 5-6, p. 110
Some Species Feed off Other Species by Living on or in Them
• Parasitism
• Parasite is usually much smaller than the host
• Parasite rarely kills the host
• Parasite-host interaction may lead to coevolution
Parasitism: Trout with Blood-Sucking Sea Lamprey
Fig. 5-7, p. 110
In Some Interactions, Both Species Benefit
• Mutualism
• Nutrition and protection relationship
• Gut inhabitant mutualism
• Not cooperation: it’s mutual exploitation
Fig. 5-8, p. 110
Mutualism: Hummingbird and Flower
Mutualism: Oxpeckers Clean Rhinoceros; Anemones Protect and Feed Clownfish
Fig. 5-9, p. 111
Fig. 5-9a, p. 111(a) Oxpeckers and black rhinoceros
Fig. 5-9b, p. 111(b) Clownfish and sea anemone
In Some Interactions, One Species Benefits and the Other Is Not Harmed
• Commensalism
• Epiphytes
• Birds nesting in trees
Commensalism: Bromiliad Roots on Tree Trunk Without Harming Tree
Fig. 5-10, p. 111