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Chapter 5

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Big Questions 1. How are molecules of biological systems constructed? 2. What functions do these molecules have in relation to biological systems? 3. How do these molecules interact in living systems?

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Questions 1. How are macromolecule polymers assembled from monomers? How are they broken down? 2. How can you tell a biological molecule is a carbohydrate? 3. Explain the relationship between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. 4. Why are starch and glycogen useful as energy storage molecules, while cellulose is useful for structure and support? Why isnt cellulose easily broken down? 5. How do herbivores solve the problem of cellulose digestion? 6. How can you tell a biological molecule is a lipid? 7. Chemically, what is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat? How does this difference affect the properties of the molecules? 8. How are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids similar? How do they differ?

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Fig. 5-5 (b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose GlucoseFructose Sucrose MaltoseGlucose (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose 14 glycosidic linkage 12 glycosidic linkage

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Fig. 5-6 (b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide Starch Glycogen Amylose Chloroplast (a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide Amylopectin Mitochondria Glycogen granules 0.5 m 1 m

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Fig. 5-8 Glucose monomer Cellulose molecules Microfibril Cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall 0.5 m 10 m Cell walls

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Fig. 5-10 The structure of the chitin monomer. Chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical thread.

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Peptidoglycan Cell wall

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Fig. 5-11 Fatty acid (palmitic acid) Glycerol (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat Ester linkage (b) Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)

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Fig. 5-12 Structural formula of a saturated fat molecule Stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid (a) Saturated fat Structural formula of an unsaturated fat molecule Oleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid (b) Unsaturated fat cis double bond causes bending

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Fig. 5-13ab (b) Space-filling model(a) Structural formula Fatty acids Choline Phosphate Glycerol Hydrophobic tails Hydrophilic head

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Fig. 5-15

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Questions 1. Why are proteins the most complex biological molecules? 2. Draw the structure of a general amino acid. Label the carboxyl group, the amino group, and the variable (R) group. 3. Draw the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids. 4. How does the structure of the R group affect the properties of a particular amino acid? 5. Define each of the following levels of protein structure and explain the bonds that contribute to them: Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary 6. How can the structure of a protein be changed (denatured)? 7. Draw a nucleotide. Label the phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. 8. Explain the three major structural differences between RNA and DNA.

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Table 5-1

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Fig. 5-UN1 Amino group Carboxyl group carbon

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Fig. 5-21b Amino acid subunits + H 3 N Amino end Carboxyl end 125 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 20 25 15 10 5 1

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Fig. 5-21c Secondary Structure pleated sheet Examples of amino acid subunits helix

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Fig. 5-21e Tertiary StructureQuaternary Structure

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Fig. 5-21f Polypeptide backbone Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions Disulfide bridge Ionic bond Hydrogen bond

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Fig. 5-21g Polypeptide chain Chains Heme Iron Chains Collagen Hemoglobin

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Fig. 5-26-3 mRNA Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus DNA NUCLEUS mRNA CYTOPLASM Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore Ribosome Amino acids Polypeptide Synthesis of protein 1 2 3

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Fig. 5-27 5 end Nucleoside Nitrogenous base Phosphate group Sugar (pentose) (b) Nucleotide (a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid 3 end 3C3C 3C3C 5C5C 5C5C Nitrogenous bases Pyrimidines Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA)Uracil (U, in RNA) Purines Adenine (A)Guanine (G) Sugars Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA) (c) Nucleoside components: sugars

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Fig. 5-27c-1 (c) Nucleoside components: nitrogenous bases Purines Guanine (G) Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA)Uracil (U, in RNA) Nitrogenous bases Pyrimidines

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Fig. 5-27c-2 Ribose (in RNA)Deoxyribose (in DNA) Sugars (c) Nucleoside components: sugars

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Fig. 5-28 Sugar-phosphate backbones 3' end 5' end Base pair (joined by hydrogen bonding) Old strands New strands Nucleotide about to be added to a new strand

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Fig. 5-UN2

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Fig. 5-UN2a

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Fig. 5-UN2b