Chapter 5 Anxiety Disorders. Anxiety vs. fear ______ = response to serious, known threat ______ =...
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Transcript of Chapter 5 Anxiety Disorders. Anxiety vs. fear ______ = response to serious, known threat ______ =...
Chapter 5
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety vs. fear
• ______ = response to serious, known threat
• ______ = response to vague sense of threat or danger
• same physiological features
Panic Disorder
• “_________”– periodic, short bouts of panic that
occur suddenly, reach a peak, and pass
– no REAL threat…•Unexpected (_______) Attacks• Situationally Bound (______) Attack• ______________________
• Panic Disorder:– panic attacks repeatedly and
unexpectedly and without apparent reason•Worry about having an attack; plan
• Often accompanied by agoraphobia – _______________________
• Panic disorder with (or without) agoraphobia
Biological Perspective
• panic reactions are related to changes in __________________
• Inherited biological predisposition? Drug therapies– Antidepressants and some
benzodiazepines (_____________)
• When drug therapy is stopped, symptoms return– (medications + ____________
therapy) - may be most effective
Cognitive-behavioral Perspective• (____________) overly sensitive to
certain bodily sensations and may misinterpret them (medical catastrophe) – Poor coping skills– Lack of social support– Unpredictable childhoods– Overly-protective parents
• ____________ response – associate bodily sensations with previous panic responses
Treatments
• Panic Control Therapy– correct _________________ of their
bodily sensations– Relaxation training
• “______________” procedures to induce panic sensations
Phobias
• Persistent and unreasonable fears of particular objects, activities, or situations (immediate fear)
• often avoid the object or thoughts about it
Specific Phobias
Hematophobia Blood
Ephidophobia Snakes
Claustrophobia Closed spaces
Acrophobia Heights
Aerophobia Flying
Death-related phobia
Funerals, corpses, and cemeteries
Examples
What Causes Phobias?
• Behavioral – Conditioning– Modeling
(Observation & imitation)
– Phobias may develop into GAD ___________________________________________
• Biological – _________________
•Species-specific biological predisposition to develop certain fears
Treatments for Specific Phobias
• Systematic Desensitization– Since relaxation is incompatible with
fear, the relaxation response is thought to substitute for the fear response
– ___________ desensitization ( Live) ; Covert desensitization – (________)
• Flooding– __________________________
• Modeling• Graduated Exposure – confront small
situations• __________ Stopping
Social Phobias
• Severe, persistent, and unreasonable fears of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur
• Behavioral treatments – ______________________________– social skills & __________________
• Cognitive therapies
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
• excessive anxiety under most circumstances and constant worrying– Vague, intense concerns and fearfulness
•free-floating” anxiety– “Danger” not a factor– Sleeplessness, irritability, fatigue, muscle
tension
• Symptoms last at least six months
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• ___________– Persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or
images • ____________ (rituals)
– Repeated and rigid behaviors or mental acts performed in order to prevent/reduce anxiety
• Diagnosis made when symptoms:– _______________________– cause great distress– consume considerable time– or interfere with daily functions
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Obsessions associated with checking compulsions.
• Need for ____________________.• Obsessions about cleanliness
associated with washing compulsions.
• Hoarding-related behaviors.
4 Major Dimensions
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
treatment with clomipramine or other serotonin reuptake inhibiting medications, such a fluoxetine (Prozac), is the most effective biological treatment available for OCD.
OCD is increasingly being understood as a genetic disorder.
Other approaches to OCD• Behavioral Therapy
– __________________________ (ERP)•repeatedly exposed to anxiety-provoking stimuli and prevented from responding with compulsions
•Therapists often model the behavior
•Cognitive perspective– __________________________
TRAUMAserious accident
violent victimization
life-threatening calamity
firesearthquakes
riots
war
abuse
witnessing tragedy
Photograph copyright © 2002 www.arttoday.com. Used with permission.
Stress Disorders
• Occurs after an event that would be traumatic to anyone
• ____________________– Symptoms begin within 4 weeks of event
and last for less than 1 month
• __________________________– Symptoms can begin at any time following
the event but must last for longer than 1 month
Symptoms
• Depersonalization
• dissociative amnesia
• Hypervigilance
• numbing • intense anxiety• impairment of
everyday functioning
Treatment of Trauma-Induced Disorders
• Medication
• “Covering”
• “Uncovering”
Most studies on obsessions and compulsions indicate that• A. obsessions generally occur in
the absence of compulsions.• B. compulsions generally occur in
the absence of obsessions.• C. obsessions and compulsions
generally occur together.• D. there is no relation between
obsessions and compulsions.
Rita suffers from a panic disorder. After she begins exercising her heart rate increases. A cognitive theorist would predict that Rita would
• A. interpret the increased heart rate in a catastrophic way.
• B. Experience a surge of anxiety after interpreting the heart rate increase as something dangerous.
• C. Be likely to experience a panic attack if she interprets any additional physical sensations as signs of increasing danger.
• D. All of the above
Elliot constantly worries about his health, finances, and his marriage. Often, his worries keep him awake at night, causing extreme daytime fatigue. His wife has become frustrated with him because he is so preoccupied with his worries. His likely diagnosis is:
• A. Panic disorder• B. Simple phobia• C. Social phobia• D. Generalized anxiety disorder