Chapter 5: An Emerging World

Power

The Causes of ImperialismImperialism – the policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories

The desire for raw materials◦ Tea, rubber, iron, petroleum, and other materials

for their industries at home Extractive economies – imperial countries

extract or removed raw materials from the colony and shipped to home country

Benefits of Imperialism

U.S. had fewer concerns for shortages of raw materials

We had a surplus of goods that Americans couldn’t consume◦ Farmers complained that excess production

resulted in declining crop prices and profits Expansion could help the country divert the

closing of factories and unemployment

U.S. Needs

Alfred T. Mahan transformed the U.S. into a naval power◦ Called for modern ships and foreign bases so

ships could refuel and gather fresh supplies◦ U.S. built new steel-plated, steam powered

battleships (USS Maine)◦ By 1900, U.S. had 3rd largest Navy in the world

Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest◦ Certain races were superior to others

American’s embraced Manifest Destiny

Military Need and National Superiority

U.S. Acquisitions in the Pacific

Commodore Matthew Perry took a fleet of warships to Japan

Japanese thought the steam ships were giant dragons puffing smoke

Perry signs a treaty opening trade with Japan

1867 U.S. took possession of Midway Islands Treaties in 1875/1887 increased trade with

Hawaii and set up a military base at Pearl Harbor

U.S. Power Grows in the Pacific

William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

Seward’s purchase doubled the size of the United States

Alaska was rich in timber, oil, and other natural resources

Alaska expanded America’s reach across the Pacific

Key milestone on America’s road to power

Seward Purchases Alaska

U.S. businessmen saw L.A. as a natural place to expand trade and investments

Pan-American Conference paved the way for the Pan-American Highway which linked U.S. to Central America and South America

Tension grew between Great Britain and U.S. over border dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela.◦ Monroe Doctrine-Europeans stay out of American

republics and U.S. stay out of European affairs.

U.S. Influence in Latin America

Since 1790’s Americans stopped at Hawaii on their way to East Asia

American established sugar cane plantations Convinced King Kalakaua to change

constitution-only wealthy landowners could vote (white planters)

Queen Liliuokalani tried to prevent white man take over but was overthrown (U.S. Marines help)

U.S. annexes Hawaii and it becomes an official U.S. territory in 1898.

U.S. Acquires Hawaii

Chapter 5 Section 2

The Spanish-American War

Spain was an imperial nation in decline◦ Down to Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines

Cuban Rebels Against Spanish Rule◦ American entrepreneurs invested $50million in

sugar cane plantations in Cuba◦ Jose Marti launched a war for independence from

Spain…Cuba Libre (Free Cuba) Used guerrilla tactics Spanish General Weyler deprived rebels of food and

recruits….sent people to reconcentration camps where many died of disease and starvation

Americans began to sympathize with the Cubans

Causes of War

Rival newspaper owners Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst heightened the publics dislike of the Spanish◦ Yellow Press featured The Yellow Kid in a popular comic strip

The newspapers used sensational headlines and pictures on the front page Exaggerated stories of Spanish atrocities and compared Cubans to

patriots from the American Revolutionary War William McKinley warned the Spanish to establish peace

quickly or the U.S. will intervene McKinley ordered the USS Maine to Havana Harbor to protect

U.S. citizens A letter written by the Spanish Ambassador said that

McKinley was weak and stupid –leaked to Hearst's newspaper The letter fueled jingoism or aggressive nationalism, and

inflamed relations with Spain

The Yellow Press Inflames Opinion

Soon after the Journal published the letter about McKinley, the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor

Out of the 350 officers and crew on board 266 died McKinley orders a special naval board to

investigate the cause of the explosion March 28, 1898 the board concluded a mine had

destroyed the battleship and many blamed Spain War gripped the U.S. with “Remember the Maine”

speeches McKinley asks Congress to use force against the

Spanish Teller Amendment stipulated that the U.S. had no

intention of annexing Cuba

The Maine Blows Up and War

Commodore George Dewey took his squadron to Manila Bay, in the Spanish Philippines◦ Dewey destroyed the Spanish stationed in the bay◦ 400 Spanish sailors died

Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo were defeating the Spanish army◦ Filipinos were fighting for freedom from Spain

15,000 troops landed in the Philippines◦ Spanish surrendered to the U.S.

Dewey Takes the Philippines

June 1898 U.S. Marines captured Guantanamo Bay and 17,000 soldiers stormed ashore east of Santiago

Troops were poorly trained and supplied◦ Given obsolete weapons and wool uniforms◦ Rotting and contaminated food

Theodore Roosevelt led the Rough Riders◦ A group of upper-class easterners who relished

what Roosevelt called the “strenuous life”◦ Famed for storming Kettle and San Juan Hill with

African American cavalries U.S. captured Puerto Rico 3000 Americans died but only 380 in combat

◦ Malaria and yellow fever caused most deaths

U.S. Forces Win Cuba

December 1898 the Treaty of Paris was signed that officially ended the war◦ Spain gave up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and sold

the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million Teller Amendment prevented taking possession of

Cuba Americans debate imperialism

◦ McKinley said that “we have no choice but to take all of them and educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize them” The Philippines were a important stepping stone to trade with

China◦ Anti-Imperialist League argued that imperialism is a crime

Members included Mark Twain and William Jennings Bryan

Treaty of Paris

Chapter 5 Section 3

The United States & East Asia

Emilio Aguinaldo had thought the U.S. was an ally for Filipino independence◦ After the U.S. decided to retain possession of the

Philippines, Aguinaldo organized an insurrection, or rebellion against the U.S.

Guerrilla War Erupts in the Philippines◦ Guerrilla warfare is a form of non-traditional warfare

generally involving small bands of fighters to attack behind American lines

◦ General Jacob Smith orders-kill and burn, the more the better. (P.152 Quote)

◦ In the Spring of 1901, the U.S. captures Aguinaldo

Filipinos Rebel Against U.S. Rule

William Howard Taft becomes governor of the Philippines◦ Censored the press and place dissidents in jail to

win over the Filipino people◦ Ordered the construction of roads, schools, and

bridges◦ Jones Act -pledged to the Filipino people that they

would ultimately gain their independence◦ The Philippines would eventually gain their

independence after U.S. troops liberate them from the Japanese in WWII

Reforms Lead to Promise of Self-Rule

Since China had fallen into disarray in 1899, the British, French, German, and Russians carved China into distinct spheres of influence◦ Within each zone, each power had privileged access

to Chinese ports and markets◦ Japan grabbed territory in China and Korea too◦ U.S. didn’t have a zone and felt that it would limit

American trade with China◦ John Hays, Secretary of State wrote letters to the

foreign leaders expecting “perfect equality of treatment for commerce”

◦ Letters had little impact but set Asian foreign policy

United States Pursues Interests in China

Chinese joined secret societies in response to foreigners in their country◦ The Righteous of Harmonious Fists won the nickname

“Boxers” from Europeans because they were trained in martial arts

◦ They condemned western ways and Christianity◦ May of 1900 the Boxers besieged the foreign diplomats in

Beijing◦ U.S., European, and Japan forces squashed the rebellion◦ European powers made the gov’t pay for damages

Hays reasserted his open door policy◦ The U.S. didn’t want a colony in China, they just wanted

free trade

The Boxer Rebellion and Open Door Policy

Japanese resented the sphere of influence and took offense to Russian troops in Manchuria◦ Without a declaration of war, the Japanese attacked

the Russian fleet at Port Arthur, China◦ Followed this up by attacking troops in Manchuria

killing 100,000 Russians Roosevelt settles the Russo-Japanese War

◦ 1905 representatives from both Russia and Japan meet with Roosevelt in New Hampshire

◦ Roosevelt convinced the two sides to sign a treaty and he won a Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts

Tensions Rise Between America and Japan

A root cause of this trouble was anti-Asian sentiment on the west coast◦ The San Francisco School Board banned Japanese,

Chinese, and Korean children from attending public schools

◦ The incident immediately drew Japan’s wrath◦ Newspapers in Tokyo said “Our countrymen have

been HUMILIATED!”◦ Roosevelt opposed the segregation

Signed a gentlemen’s agreement that the school board pledged to end segregation, and Japan would limit its citizens from immigrating to the U.S.

Anti-Asian Prejudice Troubles Relations

Roosevelt promotes military preparedness to protect the U.S.◦ With concerns of Japanese expansion, Roosevelt

won congressional support for a new force of navy ships known as the Great White Fleet

◦ 16 white battleships were sent by Roosevelt around the world on a “good will cruise”

◦ This demonstrated America’s increased military power in the world

The Great White Fleet Sets Sail

Chapter 5 Section 4

The U.S. and Latin America

After Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico was under direct U.S. military control

1900 pass the Foraker Act-creates civil govn’t in P.Rico1. P. Ricans didn’t enjoy same rights as U.S. citizens2. P. Ricans could be taxed

1917 Jones-Shafroth Act –gave P. Ricans more rights and greater control over their own legislature

Cuba Platt Amendment added to Cuba’s constitution

1. Cuba could not sign treaties with any other country without U.S. approval.2. Cuba had to lease naval stations to the U.S.3. U.S. had right to intervene to preserve order in Cuba4. Made Cuba a protectorate of the U.S. for years to come

U.S. Policy in Puerto Rico and Cuba

“Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far” Depended on a strong military to achieve U.S. goals Job of the U.S. to “civilize” weaker nationsAmerica Builds the Panama Canal French try to connect Atlantic to Pacific but fail U.S. buys Panama route for $40 million from French Requires permission from Columbian government but they want

more than we are willing to give.1. Roosevelt sends warships off coast of Panama to support rebellion against Columbia.2. Panama gets independence from Columbia, gives U.S. ok to build canal.3. U.S. pays Panama $10 million + $250,000 annual rent

5000 workers die building canal, cut 8000 miles off trip

Roosevelt Pursues “Big Stick” Diplomacy

To keep Europeans out of Latin America the U.S. would have to keep order

Pres. Roosevelt Corollary-in the case of “chronic wrongdoing” by a L.A. country the U.S. would assume the role of police power depriving other creditors from intervening.

Peru and Nicaragua resented the new policy-threatened their “sovereignty and liberty”

Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy Substitute “dollars for bullets” (less of a big stick) Invest more in Caribbean and Central American mines,

oil,etc

Roosevelt Updates the Monroe Doctrine

U.S. supports Honest Government in L.A. No longer seek territory by conquest Instead would promote human rights, national integrity and

opportunity Does send troops to Haiti to protect our interests

1. Prodded Haiti to give U.S. control of its financial and foreign affairs. (marines stay until 1934)

Revolution Grips Mexico Dictator Porfirio Diaz and American investors grew wealthy while

Mexico’s farmers struggle in poverty Francisco Madero leads revolution that topples Diaz

1. Weak leader and is executed by General Victoriano Huerta2. Wilson won’t recognize Huerta, favors Venustiano Carranza, another reformer.

Wilson Pursues Moral Diplomacy

1914 Mexicans arrest U.S. sailors Wilson sends marines to occupy port of Veracruz Huerta’s gov. collapses Carranza assumes presidency Carranza slow with reforms- rebels rise up led by Francisco

“Pancho” Villa 1916 Villa’s forces raid town in New Mexico killing 18

Americans Wilson sends General John Pershing and 10,000 troops to

Mexico Chase Villa for months but can’t capture him Wilson recalls troops in 1917 over concerns of WWI raging

in Europe

Wilson Sends U.S. Troops Into Mexico