Neuromelanin organelles are specialized autolysosomes that ...
Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.
-
Upload
buck-miller -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
1
Transcript of Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.
![Page 1: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 4.8
Specialized Plant Organelles
AP BiologyFall 2010
![Page 2: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Objective
• Describe the structure and function of the chloroplast
• Understand the differences between chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts
• Describe the structure and function of the central vacuole
![Page 3: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Chloroplasts and Plastids
• Plastids: organelles that function in photosynthesis or storage in plants
• Three types:– Chloroplasts– Chromoplasts – Amyloplasts
![Page 4: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Chloroplasts
• Chloroplast: oval or disk shaped organelles, bounded by a double membrane, and specialized for photosynthesis
![Page 5: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Chloroplasts
• Structure:– Two outer membranes enclose their semifluid
interior, the stroma – In the stroma, third membrane forms a single
compartment that is commonly folded in intricate ways
– Fold resemble stack of flattened disks, called granum
– Photosynthesis occurs in thylakoid membrane
![Page 6: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Chlorplasts
• In simpler terms:– Stroma: semifluid
interior– Thylakoid: contains
chlorophyll and other pigments, individual units
– Granum: stacks of thylakoids
![Page 7: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Chloroplasts
• In the innermost membrane, stacked disks (thylakoids), pigments, and enzymes trap sunlight energy to form ATP and NADPH
• Sugars and starches are formed in the fluid substance (stroma) surrounding the stacks
• Pigments such as chlorophyll (green) confer distinctive colours to the chloroplasts
![Page 9: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Chloroplasts
• Chlorophyll reflect green light• Many kinds of accessory pigments assist
chlorophyll in capturing light• Energy drives reactions– ATP and NADPH form – ATP and NADPH used at sites in stroma where
sugars, starches assembled – Starch grains: new starch molecules that
accumulate in stroma
![Page 10: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts are like photosynthetic bacteria and may have evolved through endosymbiosis like mitochondria
![Page 11: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Chromoplasts
• Chromoplasts: store red and brown pigments (carotenoids) that give colour to flowers, autumn leaves, fruits, and roots
• Have no chlorophyll • Attract animals
![Page 12: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Amyloplasts
• Amyloplasts: colourless, lack pigments– Store starch grains, and are abundant in stem
cells, tubers, and seeds – Found in stems, potato tubers (underground
stems), and seeds
![Page 13: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Comparison
![Page 14: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Central Vacuoles
• Central Vacuoles: – Fluid filled vacuoles – In a mature plant, the central vacuole may occupy
50 to 90% of the cell interior – Store amino acids, sugars, ions, and wastes – Vacuole enlarges during growth and greatly
increases the cell’s outer surface area • Enlarged cell, with more surface area, has an
enhanced ability to absorb nutrients
![Page 15: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Central Vacuole
![Page 16: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Review
1. Describe differences between amyloplasts, chloroplasts, and chromoplasts
2. What are the main structural components of the chloroplasts?
![Page 17: Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062804/5697bf841a28abf838c86ef6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Answers
1. Amyloplasts are pigment free, store starch grains. Chromoplasts have no chlorophyll, have abundance of carotenoids, colours attract animals. Chloroplasts are specialized organelles for photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll.
2. Clorplasts: – Stroma: semifluid interior– Thylakoid: contains chlorophyll and other pigments,
individual units – Granum: stacks of thylakoids