Chapter 43 The Biosphere (Sections 43.5 - 43.9)
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Transcript of Chapter 43 The Biosphere (Sections 43.5 - 43.9)
![Page 1: Chapter 43 The Biosphere (Sections 43.5 - 43.9)](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022012904/5681336e550346895d9a8212/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Albia Dugger • Miami Dade College
Cecie StarrChristine EversLisa Starr
www.cengage.com/biology/starr
Chapter 43The Biosphere
(Sections 43.5 - 43.9)
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43.5 Deserts
• Deserts receive less than 10 centimeters (4 inches) of rain per year
• Most are located at about 30° north and south latitude, or in rain shadows
• desert • Biome with little rain and low humidity; plants that have
water-storing and conserving adaptations predominate
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Desert Locations
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Desert Conditions
• Deserts tend to have low humidity, large daily temperature shifts, and little topsoil
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Fig. 43.10, p. 730
C horizon:Rock fragmentsfrom uplands
B horizon:Evaporation causes salt buildup; leaching removes nutrients
A horizon: Shallow, poor soil
O horizon:Pebbles, littleorganic matter
Desert Conditions
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Adaptations to Desert Conditions
• Many desert plants have adaptations, such as spines, that reduce water loss and deter herbivory
• Some desert plants, such as cacti, store water during the wet season, for use in drier times
• Woody desert shrubs such as mesquite and creosote have extensive, efficient root systems
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Adaptations to Desert (cont.)
• Diversity is highest in regions where moisture is available in more than one season
• CAM plants (cactuses, agaves, euphorbs) conserve water by opening stomata only at night when temperature declines
• Annuals have a life cycle that allows them to sprout and reproduce in the short time that the soil is moist
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Sonoran Desert Lowlands
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Sonoran Desert Uplands
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Perennials Adapted to Dry Conditions
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Fast-Growing Annuals
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Animal Adaptations
• Some animals, such as the desert kangaroo rat, minimize water loss with highly efficient kidneys
• Most desert animals, including bats, are not active at the height of daytime heat
• The Sonoran desert tortoise hibernates during the cold winter, when little food is available
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Two Sonoran Desert Animals
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The Crust Community
• In many deserts, the soil is covered by a desert crust (including cyanobacteria, lichens, mosses, and fungi) that holds soil in place
• Cyanobacteria also fixes nitrogen and makes ammonia available for plants
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43.6 Grasslands
• Grasslands form in the interior of continents between deserts and temperate forests
• Perennial grasses adapted to fire, grazing , strong winds and infrequent rain, are the main plants in grasslands
• grassland• Biome in the interior of continents where grasses and
nonwoody plants adapted to grazing and fire predominate
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Locations of Temperate Grasslandsand Tropical Savannahs
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Temperate Grasslands
• Temperate grasslands are warm in summer, cold in winter, with rains throughout the year
• Grass roots help hold thick topsoil in place, preventing erosion by constant winds
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Fig. 43.15a, p. 732A Prairie soil profile.
B horizon: Percolating water enriches layer with calcium carbonates
A horizon: Alkaline, deep, rich in humus
Temperate Grasslands
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North American Grasslands
• North America’s temperate grasslands are shortgrass and tallgrass prairies
• Much of the American Great Plains shortgrass prairie was plowed in the 1930s, turning the region into a “Dust Bowl”
• Nearly all tallgrass prairie has been converted to cropland
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Tallgrass Prairie
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Shortgrass Prairie
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Savannas
• Savannas are broad belts of grasslands with scattered shrubs and trees, that lie between tropical forests and deserts
• Temperatures are warm year-round, but rainfall is seasonal
• African savanna supports herds of hoofed grazers (such as wildebeest) and predators that feed on them (such as lions)
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African Savanna
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43.7 Dry Shrublands and Woodlands
• Rains occur seasonally in dry shrublands, and lightning-sparked fires sometimes sweep through shrublands during the dry season
• Dry shrublands in California are known as chaparral
• chaparral • Biome of dry shrubland in regions with hot, dry summers
and cool, rainy winters
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Locations of Dry Shrublands
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Adaptations to Chaparral
• Foliage of many chaparral shrubs has oils that deter herbivores and also make the plant highly flammable
• Chaparral plants are adapted to occasional fires:• Some grow back from root crowns after a fire• Some have seeds that germinate only after they are
exposed to heat or smoke
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California Chaparral
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California Chaparral
• In California, where homes are often built near chaparral, fires frequently cause property damage
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Dry Woodlands
• Dry woodlands prevail where the seasonal rainfall is slightly higher than in dry shrublands
• Examples: Eucalyptus forests of Australia, and California’s oak forests
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California Oak Woodland
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43.8 Broadleaf Forests
• Broadleaf (angiosperm) trees are the main plants in semi-evergreen forests, and in temperate and tropical deciduous forests
• Semi-evergreen forests occur in the tropics of Southeast Asia and India, and include broadleaf (angiosperm) trees that retain leaves year-round, and deciduous broadleaf trees
• In semi-evergreen forests, deciduous trees shed their leaves at the start of the dry season
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Temperate Deciduous Forests
• A deciduous plant sheds leaves annually, prior to a season when cold or dry conditions would not favor growth
• Temperate deciduous forests are found in parts of eastern North America, western/central Europe, and parts of Asia
• temperate deciduous forest • Northern Hemisphere biome in which the main plants are
broadleaf trees that lose their leaves in fall and become dormant during cold winters
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Locations of Temperate Deciduous Forest
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Temperate Deciduous Forests (cont.)
• Temperate deciduous forests form where 50 to 150 centimeters (20–60 inches) of precipitation falls throughout the year
• Winters are cool and summers are warm• Leaves often turn color before dropping in autumn• Trees remain dormant in winter, flower and put out new
leaves in spring
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Temperate Deciduous Forests (cont.)
• Rich soil and a somewhat open canopy lets sunlight through and allows understory plants to flourish
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Fig. 43.19b, p. 734
O horizon: Scattered litter
A horizon:Rich in organic matter above humus layer unmixed with minerals
B horizon:Accumulated minerals leached from above
C horizon:Poorly weatheredrocks
Temperate Deciduous
Forests (cont.)
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Temperate Deciduous Forests (cont.)
• Different tree species (such as oak, or beech and maple) characterize different regions of these forests
• Animals in North American deciduous forests include grazing deer, seed-eating squirrels and chipmunks, and omnivores (raccoons, opossums, black bears)
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
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Tropical Rain Forests
• Tropical rain forests form between latitudes 10° north and south in Africa, East Indies, Asia, South and Central America
• 130 to 200 centimeters (50 to 80 inches) of rain falls throughout the year
• tropical rain forest • Highly productive and species-rich biome in which year-
round rains and warmth support continuous growth of evergreen broadleaf trees
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Locations of Tropical Rain Forest
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Tropical Rain Forests (cont.)
• Tropical rain forest is the most productive, structurally complex, and species-rich biome
• Photosynthesis occurs year-round; but trees often form a closed canopy that blocks light from the forest floor
• Deforestation is an ongoing threat to tropical rain forests in developing countries with fast-growing human populations
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Tropical Rain Forests (cont.)
• Decomposition and mineral cycling happen fast in the warm, moist environment
• Soils are highly weathered, heavily leached, and are very poor nutrient reservoirs
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Fig. 43.20b, p. 735
A–E horizons: Continually leached; iron, aluminum left behind impart red color to acidic soil
O horizon:Sparse litter
B horizon: Clays with silicates, other residues of weathering
Tropical Rain Forests (cont.)
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A Tropical Rain Forest
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43.9 Coniferous Forests
• Conifers withstand harsher conditions than broadleaf trees, so they grow farther north and at higher altitudes
• The coniferous forest that extends across northern Asia, Europe, and North America – known as boreal forest or taiga – is the most extensive land biome
• boreal forest • Extensive high-latitude forest of the Northern Hemisphere;
conifers are the predominant vegetation
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Locations of Coniferous Forests
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Coniferous Forests (cont.)
• Conifers (evergreen trees with seed-bearing cones) such as pine, fir, and spruce are the main plants in coniferous forests
• Conifers are adapted to conserve water during drought or times when the ground is frozen – winters are long, cold, and dry; and most rain falls in the cool summer
• Moose are the dominant grazers
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Boreal Forest (Taiga) in Siberia
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Other Coniferous Forests
• Montane coniferous forests of spruce, fir, and pine extend southward through great mountain ranges• Spruce and fir dominate highest elevations• Firs and pines occupy lower elevations
• Coniferous forests in temperate lowlands along the Pacific coast from Alaska into northern California hold the world’s tallest trees:• Sitka spruce to the north• Coast redwoods to the south
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Other Coniferous Forests (cont.)
• New Jersey pine barrens are a mixed forest of pitch pines and scrub oaks that grow in sandy, acidic soil
• Southeastern pine forests hold fast-growing loblolly pines that survive periodic fires that kill most hardwood species – these pines are a major source of lumber and wood pulp
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Montane Coniferous Forest