Chapter 4.1-2

New Vocabulary

Crystalline structure: a structure in which particles are arranged in regular geometric patterns

Mineral: a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a definite crystalline structure

Crystal: a solid in which the atoms are arranged in repeating patterns

Luster: the way that a mineral reflects light from its surface

New Vocabulary

Cleavage: how a mineral splits along planes of weakness

Fracture: a break with a rough or jagged edge

Streak: the color of a mineral when it is broken or powdered

Specific gravity: ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water at 4C

Restricted: (write a definition in your own words)

Mineral Characteristics

A mineral

Is naturally occurring and inorganic _____________________________________________So, ____ is not a mineral.

Is a solid with a specific composition _______________________. So, ___________ is nota mineral

has a definite crystalline structure __________________________________________.

is notmanufactured and has never been alive

coal

is nota liquid or a gas natural gas

the atomsare all arranged in the same way

Minerals from Magma

Magma is _____________________________________________

When magma is forced upward______________________________________________________________________________

If the magma reaches Earth’s surface before crystallizing, ____________________________________________________

If the magma crystallizes in Earth’s heated interior ____________________________________________________________

molten materialbeneath the surface of the Earth.

it cools and compounds inand the magma begins to interact

chemically to form minerals

it coolsquickly and small crystalsform.

it cools slowly and largecrystals have time toform.

Minerals from Solution

1. A solution can become supersatured, or overfilled, with a solid. Mineral crystals can precipitate, or drop out of the solution.

2. When liquid evaporates from a supersaturated solution, the elements that are left behind can arrange into crystals.

Mineral IdentificationI. Luster A. Caused by differences in chemical composition of minerals. B. Described as metallic or nonmetallic.

II. Hardness A. Defined as how easily a mineral can be scratched B. Measured according to Moh’s scale of mineral hardness.

III. Cleavage and Fracture A. Determined by the arrangement of a mineral’s atoms. 1. A mineral has cleavage if it spits evenly and easily along one or more flat planes 2. A mineral has fracture if it breaks with rough or jagged edges.

IV. Streak A. Defined as the color of a mineral when it is broken up and powdered by rubbing across a porcelain plate. B. Used only if the mineral is softer than porcelain.

Mineral IdentificationV. Color A. Caused by trace elements or compounds. B. Milky appearance can be due to bubbles trapped in crystals.

VI. Texture A. Defined as how a mineral feels to the touch. B. Described as smooth, rough, ragged, greasy, soapy, or glassy.

VII. Density and Specific Gravity A. Density is a ratio of the mass of the substance divided by its volume B. Density is useful because it is not dependent on the size or shape of the mineral. C. Specific gravity is ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water at 4oC.

Synthesize (You need to answer the question on page 40)

Section 4.2Element (you define the term)New Vocabulary

silicates: _______________________________________________________________________________________tetrahedron: ____________________________________ ore: ___________________________________________ _______________________________________________gem: __________________________________________

Minerals that contain silicon and oxygen, and usually one additional element

A three-dimensional shape that resembles a pyramidA mineral that contains a useful substance that can be mined at a profit

A valuable mineral prized for its rarity and beauty