CHAPTER 4 THERMAL INSULATION IN BUILDINGS file(Tesviye betonu) Thermal Insulation Material Lean...

CHAPTER 4 THERMAL INSULATION IN

BUILDINGS

THE IMPORTANCE OF THERMAL INSULATION IN BUILDINGS

• Depending on the building structures, it is possible to save energy in the order of 20-70% by using thermal insulation.

Heat loss

(kWh/year)

Change in air

(16.5 %)

Window,

Outer door

(16.5 %)

Roof

(13.3 %)

Outer Wall

(16.5 %)

Floor

(15.9 %)

Without

InsulationWith

Insulation

THREE-DIMENSIONS OF THERMAL INSULATION• There is a three-dimensional advantage of thermal insulation such that;

Hard Saving (Parasal tasarruf) (energy saving)

Decrease in air pollution

Thermal comfort

• Energy Saving

In case of thermal insulation in roof and and

sandwich inside-wall insulation

Roof

Structural

lossesWindow

Wall

Floor

Heat

lossHeat

loss

Structural

losses

Saving

Roof

Window

Wall

Floor

THREE-DIMENSIONS OF THERMAL INSULATIONEnergy SavingIn case of thermal insulation in window

Roof

Heat

loss

Saving

Structural

losses

Floor

Wall

Window

Roof

U factor W/m2K

Before After

Walls 1.94 0.54

Roof 1.99 0.41

Window 5.6 3.2

THREE-DIMENSIONS OF THERMAL INSULATIONEffects of Insulation on Air Pollution

• The gas emission of the same building in the case of with and without insulation

Kg/Year

Without Insulation With Insulation

THREE-DIMENSIONS OF THERMAL INSULATIONHeat Comfort

• The environment temperature affects mainly the working conditions and performance of the human.

• The followings affect the heat comfort;

Ambient temperature

Wall interior surface temperature

Air velocity

Moisture content in air

• The following data are given

for heat comfort;

Temperature: 18-22 °C

Humidity: 35-70%

Air Velocity: 0.25 m/s

Productivity

Room Temperature

THE PLACES THAT CAN BE THERMAL INSULATED IN THE BUILDINGS

Roofs

Terrace Roofs

Inclined Roofs

Thermal Insulation Material is under

Waterproofing (su yalıtımı)

(Classical System)

Thermal Insulation Material is over

Waterproofing (su yalıtımı)

(Reverse Roof System)

(Ters Çatı Sistemi)

Under Rafter

(Mertek (Çatı Kirişi) altında)

Between Rafters

(Mertek (Çatı Kirişi) arasında)

Over Rafter

(Mertek (Çatı Kirişi) üstünde)

Roof Space (Çatı arası)

Over concrete flooring

Industrial Roofs

Ceiling Floor (Asma Tavan)


Walls

Outside of the wall, There is air space between the

thermal insulation material and overlay (kaplama).

(Curtain wall ventilation system-Arkası havalandırmalı sistem)

Outside of the wall, There is no air space between the

thermal insulation material and overlay (kaplama).

(Compact System)

Between Sandwich Walls

Inside of the wall

At Basement Walls which is adjacent to ground

(Toprağa bitişik bodrum duvarlarında)


Floors

Floors whose lower side is not heated, or, ceilings whose

upper side is not heated (Alt tarafı ısıtılmayan döşemeler veya

üst tarafı ısıtılmayan tavanlar

Cantilever Floors whose lower side is open to atmosphere

(Alt tarafı açık çıkma döşemeler)

Floors on the ground

(Toprağa oturan döşemeler)

Under the hot pipe for every floor in the underfloor-heating

buildings

(Döşemeden ısıtmalı binalarda her kat için sıcak su

borularının altında)

Windows and Glazed outer

doors

Double-Glass or Triple-Glass

Outer Concrete, Column, Truss

(Dış beton, Kolon, Kiriş)

For Concrete Column, Truss and lintels

at the outer surface of the buildings

Back-radiator Insulation

Thermal Insulation Applications for ROOFS

• The majority of heat loss in the buildings is seen in roofs.

• The applications of roof insulation vary with respect to roof types and forms.

• The most suitable roof type in terms of heat loss is the ceiling covered by the roof (üzeri çatı ile örtülü tavan).

• It should be kept in mind that the insulation material in the ceiling covered by the roof is not crushed, pressed and wetted.

• Especially nonflammable insulation material should be used around chimney (baca).

Terrace Roofs

• The terrace roofs are classified into two groups as classic and reverse terrace roof according to the position of insulation material.

• A) In classical terrace roof, the waterproofing lays over the insulation material. In order to prevent the risk of condensation, it is mandatory (zorunlu) to use vapor barrier (buhar kesici).

Waterproofing

Vapor Barrier

Levelling Concrete

(Tesviye betonu)

Thermal Insulation

Material

Lean Concrete

(Düşük dozajlı beton-

Grobeton)

Thermal Insulation Applications for Roofs

• Terrace Roofs

• B) In reverse terrace roof, the waterproofing (su yalıtımı) lays directly over the floor, under thermal insulation material. It is not needed to use vapor barrier (buhar kesici). The thermal insulation materials (closed porous materials such as XPS, EPS) are covered over the waterproofing.

Waterproofing

Thermal Insulation

Material

Lean Concrete

(Düşük dozajlı

beton-

Grobeton)

Levelling Concrete

(Tesviye betonu)


• Terrace Roofs

Temperature Variations in Classical Terrace Roof Applications

Temperature Variations in Reverse Roof Applications


• There are three different types of the reverse roof applications such as;

the roofs on which possible to walk,

the roofs on which impossible to walk,

garden terrace roofs.

The Roofs on which Possible to Walk

Waterproofing

Thermal

Insulation

Material

Separator Concrete Floor

Cement Finish for

Inclination

(Meyil Şapı)

Overlay


The Roofs on which Impossible to Walk

Waterproofing

Thermal

Insulation

Material

Wall Coping (Harpuşta: Don ve yağış etkilerinden

korumak için yapılan açık duvar üstleri kaplaması)-

Aliminyum, mozaik, kesme taşı ile yapılır)

Concrete Floor

Separator

Pebble Stone

Overlay

(Çakıltaşı

kaplama)


Garden Terrace Roofs

Waterproofing

Thermal

Insulation

Material

Separators

Pebble Stone

Overlay

(Çakıltaşı

kaplama)

Cement Finish for

Inclination

(Meyil Şapı)


Reverse Roof Application with XPS (Extruded Polystrene)

Reverse Roof Application on which Impossible to Walk with

XPS (Extruded Polystrene)

1 2


Classical Terrace Roof Application with Rockwool

Classical Terrace Roof Application with Cellular Glass (Cam

Köpüğü)


Inclined Roofs

• The inclined roofs are classified as cold and hot roofs depending on where the insulation material is used (yalıtım malzemesinin kullanıldığı yere bağlı olarak).

In inclined cold roofs, the space under the roof is not used and heated. Therefore, the thermal insulation is applied at the floor level (döşeme hizasında).

• In inclined cold roofs, the condensation control should be done according to TS 825. And the vapor barrier should be used if necessary.

In inclined hot roofs, the space under the roof is used and heated. Therefore, the thermal insulation is applied at the rafter (mertek) level.

Inclined Cold Roof Inclined Hot Roof

Heat Water Vapor

Thermal

Insulation

Material

Breathable Overlay

Thermal

Insulation

Material

Breathable Overlay

Thermal

Insulated –Single

air-conditioned


XPS (Extruded Polystrene) is covered over rafters

Assembly of groundwork (kiremit altı ızgarası) over the XPS

(Extruded Polystrene) which is covered over rafters


A Thermal Insulation Application with Expanded Polystrene -EPS (Genleştirilmiş

Polistren) (Styropor)

which is covered between rafters


A Thermal Insulation Application by means of Rockwool together with Vapor Barrier

which are covered between rafters (Mertek Arası)


A Thermal Insulation Application by means of Glasswool which is sprayed

between rafters.

A Thermal Insulation Application by means of Glasswool in Roof Space


A Thermal Insulation Application by means of Polyurethane which is sprayed

on the roof

A Thermal Insulation Application by means of Rockwool which is sprayed

through the surface of an inclined roof

Thermal Insulation Applications for OUTER WALLS from Outside• The thermal insulation of walls is also an important parameter which changes the

calculated magnitudes of heat loss in buildings.

• Since 20-30% of heat loss is due to the walls.

• The thermal insulation of the walls can be applied to either outer or inner surfaces.

Thermal Insulation of Outer Walls

• The heat loss through the conventional uninsulated outer wall, comprised of perforated brick, concrete or wood etc., will be higher.

• Therefore, the fuel consumption will be higher.

• Also, these uninsulated walls will be very hot in summer days.

• In order to provide warmer places with lower fuel consumption in winter, and also cooler places in summer, the modern insulation materials are used for outer walls.

• Nowadays, jacketing (mantolama) process which is used in West Countries is also used in Turkey.

• In jacketing process, the insulation materials are either glued on or dowelled joint to the outer walls, and very thin synthetic plastering (sıva) with about 3-5 mm is coated on the insulation material.

Thermal Insulation Applications for OUTER WALLS from Outside

Jacketing Process (Thermal Insulation of Outer Wall)

Outer Wall

Scratch Coat (Kaba

Sıva) +Adhesive

mortar (Yapıştırma

harcı)

XPS Thermal

Insulation Sheet

Dowel

Plaster Mesh

(Sıva Filesi)

Finish Plaster

(Son Kat Sıva)

Outer Cover

Rendering

Coat (İlk

Kat Sıva)

The Advantages of Jacketing Process;The external elements such as column, truss are

well insulated preventing any thermal bridges.

Insulation from Outer Wall Insulation from Inner Wall

The problems such as thermal stress, cracking

and structural damage are prevented by the

process of jacketing.

The wall is protected completely from

environment effects.

The risk of condensation is minimized.

There will be no reduction in the inner space.

An ideal solution is obtained in terms of structural

physics.

Plaster +

Paint

Insulation

Material

Internal Plastering

Concrete

Floor

Insulation

Material

Gypsum Plaster + PaintOuter

Plaster

Thermal

Bridge

Concrete

Floor

Thermal Insulation Applications for OUTER WALLS from OutsideJacketing Process (Thermal Insulation of Outer Wall)

• There will be thermal bridges when the inner wall is thermally insulated or by means of sandwich system insulation.

• The jacketing process can be applied for both new and old buildings.

• For this process, all hard insulation sheets can be used, i.e., XPS, EPS, Polyurethane, Rockwool, Cellular Glass, etc.

During Jacketing Process After Jacketing Process

Thermal Insulation Applications for OUTER WALLS from Inside• Although the thermal insulation of outer wall from outside is more suitable,

sometimes it is very hard to insulate the outer wall from outside, i.e. the outer wall insulation of only 10th floor in a building. In that case, the outer wall is insulated from inside.

• The thermal bridges such as column, truss, floor etc. cannot be well insulated when the outer wall is insulated from inside. However, these structures can be partially insulated.

• The wall which is insulated from inside has lower heat storage capacity. The space is quickly heated when the heating element is opened, and the space is immediately cooled when the heating element is closed. Hence, this insulation method from inside is suitable for the places which are used for a short time such as theater, cinema, conference hall etc.

• If the outer wall is insulated from inside, the water vapor through the cold surface of the outer wall can condense and it can destroy both the insulating material and floor. Hence, it is necessary to use vapor barrier before insulation material when the outer wall is insulated from inside.

• Besides, the thermal insulation of the outer wall

from inside is cheaper and practical.

Thermal Insulation by means of Sandwich Wall Application• In sandwich wall applications, the thermal insulation sheet materials are between

two walls.

• The sandwich walls are classified as void and void-free.

• In void sandwich wall applications, when the insulation material is located on the outer wall, some gaps are satisfied and the inner wall is constructed.

• In void-free sandwich wall, there is no space between the walls and the insulating material.

• In order to prevent the sandwich wall to behave separately during the earthquake, 3-mm diameter galvanized anchor rods are used in the quantity of 5 units per m2.

• On the other hand, there is an application in which the Rockwool, polyurethane etc. are injected through the space in void sandwich wall type although this method is not widely used in Turkey.

• The sandwich wall insulation should be applied by experts since the gaps can cause thermal bridges resulting condensation. This can result in the cracking of the wall in long period.

Thermal Insulation for FLOORS• It is too limited to apply thermal insulation for floors in old buildings.

• However, the thermal insulation materials can be applied when changing the floor.

• The thermal insulation materials which are used for floors should be selected according to the floor position such as;

Floors on the ground

Systems with underfloor-heating

Floors adjacent to the lower-temperature environment

Cantilever Floors whose lower side is open to atmosphere (alt tarafı açık çıkma döşemeler)

• The thermal insulation for the floors on the ground needs expertise/proficiency due to need moisture insulation together with thermal insulation.

• The insulation type between floors which have not underfloor-heating is the noise insulation rather than thermal insulation and it is mandatory in many countries.

• In underfloor-heating systems, in order to prevent the heat leakage to lower floor, thermal insulation is applied under the hot pipes.

Thermal Insulation for FLOORS

The section of the floor on the ground

Waterproofing

Lean Concrete

(Düşük dozajlı

beton-

Grobeton)

Thermal Insulation

Blockage


Thermal Insulation for Floor on the Ground with XPS sheets


Thermal Insulation for Cantilever Floors (Çıkmalar) with XPS sheets

Thermal Insulation Applications for Windows and Glazed Outer

Doors• Windows and glazed outer doors have the highest amount in heat loss.

• The first one for energy saving is to construct the windows as small as possible.

• By means of a double-glazed window, the heat loss from a window is minimized.

• Closing the windows by means of insulated window shutters in the evening, the heat loss is considerably decreased.

• The majority of heat loss also takes place in doors due to air flow.

• To minimize the heat loss in wooden doors, the cord is applied in wooden frames.

• The heat loss at the bottom of the doors can be decreased by using weatherstrip (kapı altı rüzgar tutucu).

• By placing a heater above the door which results in a hot air curtain, the heat loss from the door can be minimized.

Thermal Insulation Applications for Back-Radiators

• The hottest places in the room are the backsides of radiators.

• The temperature of back-radiator is about 45 °C when the room temperature is about 20 °C in winter.

• In Thermodynamic approach, the highest heat transfer takes place between two bodies who have the highest temperature difference. Hence, the maximum heat transfer (or heat loss in winter) takes place at the backsides of the radiators. Because the maximum temperature difference by the outside occurs in the adjacent place of the backsides of radiators.

• In the room, the heat generated from the radiator flows outside due to the maximum temperature difference instead of flowing inside the room if the thermal insulation at the backside of a radiator is not applied.

• The ideal one is to insert extra insulating materials at the backside of the radiators during the construction of buildings.

Thermal Insulation Applications for Back-Radiators

• In the figures, the places that have the maximum temperatures are detected by a thermal camera. As you understand, the heat loss towards outside will take place from the places of the presence of the maximum temperature. Hence these places which have maximum temperatures should be well insulated thermally.

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