Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money
description
Transcript of Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money
![Page 1: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 4The Time Value of Money
![Page 2: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Chapter Outline
4.1 The Timeline
4.2 The Three Rules of Time Travel
4.3 The Power of Compounding
4.4 Valuing a Stream of Cash Flows
4.5 The Net Present Value of a Stream of Cash Flows
4.6 Perpetuities, Annuities, and other Special Cases
![Page 3: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Chapter Outline (cont’d)
4.7 Solving Problems with a Spreadsheet Program
4.8 Solving for Variables Other Than Present Value or Future Value
![Page 4: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Learning Objectives
1. Draw a timeline illustrating a given set of cash flows.
2. List and describe the three rules of time travel.
3. Calculate the future value of:
a. A single sum.
b. An uneven stream of cash flows, starting either now or sometime in the future.
c. An annuity, starting either now or sometime in the future.
d. Several cash flows occurring at regular intervals that grow at a constant rate each period.
![Page 5: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Learning Objectives (cont'd)
4. Calculate the present value of:
a. A single sum.
b. An uneven stream of cash flows, starting either now or sometime in the future.
c. An infinite stream of identical cash flows.
d. An annuity, starting either now or sometime in the future.
e. An infinite stream of cash flows that grow at a constant rate each period.
f. Several cash flows occurring at regular intervals that grow at a constant rate each period.
![Page 6: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Learning Objectives (cont'd)
5. Given four out of the following five inputs for an annuity, compute the fifth: (a) present value, (b) future value, (c) number of periods, (d) periodic interest rate, (e) periodic payment.
6. Given three out of the following four inputs for a single sum, compute the fourth: (a) present value, (b) future value, (c) number of periods, (d) periodic interest rate.
7. Given cash flows and present or future value, compute the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows.
![Page 7: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
4.1 The Timeline
A timeline is a linear representation of the timing of potential cash flows.
Drawing a timeline of the cash flows will help you visualize the financial problem.
![Page 8: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
4.1 The Timeline (cont’d)
Assume that you loan $10,000 to a friend. You will be repaid in two payments, one at the end of each year over the next two years.
![Page 9: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
4.1 The Timeline (cont’d)
Differentiate between two types of cash flows
Inflows are positive cash flows.
Outflows are negative cash flows, which are indicated with a – (minus) sign.
![Page 10: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
4.1 The Timeline (cont’d)
Assume that you are lending $10,000 today and that the loan will be repaid in two annual $6,000 payments.
The first cash flow at date 0 (today) is represented as a negative sum because it is an outflow.
Timelines can represent cash flows that take place at the end of any time period.
![Page 11: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Example 4.1
![Page 12: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Example 4.1 (cont’d)
![Page 13: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
4.2 Three Rules of Time Travel Financial decisions often require combining
cash flows or comparing values. Three rules govern these processes.
![Page 14: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
The 1st Rule of Time Travel
A dollar today and a dollar in one year are not equivalent.
It is only possible to compare or combine values at the same point in time. Which would you prefer: A gift of $1,000 today or
$1,210 at a later date? To answer this, you will have to compare the
alternatives to decide which is worth more. One factor to consider: How long is “later?”
![Page 15: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
The 2nd Rule of Time Travel
To move a cash flow forward in time, you must compound it.
Suppose you have a choice between receiving $1,000 today or $1,210 in two years. You believe you can earn 10% on the $1,000 today, but want to know what the $1,000 will be worth in two years. The time line looks like this:
![Page 16: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 )
times
n
nFV C r r r C r
n
The 2nd Rule of Time Travel (cont’d)
Future Value of a Cash Flow
![Page 17: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Using a Financial Calculator: The Basics TI BA II Plus
Future Value
Present Value
I/Y Interest Rate per Year
Interest is entered as a percent, not a decimal For 10%, enter 10, NOT .10
FV
I/Y
PV
![Page 18: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
N
FV2ND
Using a Financial Calculator: The Basics (cont'd) TI BA II Plus
Number of Periods
2nd → CLR TVM
Clears out all TVM registers
Should do between all problems
![Page 19: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
I/Y2ND
I/Y2ND # ENTER
.2ND # ENTER
Using a Financial Calculator: Setting the keys TI BA II Plus
2ND → P/Y Check P/Y
2ND → P/Y → # → ENTER Sets Periods per Year to #
2ND → FORMAT → # → ENTER Sets display to # decimal places
![Page 20: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Using a Financial Calculator
TI BA II Plus Cash flows moving in opposite directions must
have opposite signs.
![Page 21: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
N
I/Y
PV
FV
2
10
1,000
-1,210CPT
Financial Calculator Solution
Inputs: N = 2 I = 10 PV = 1,000
Output: FV = −1,210
![Page 22: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
The 2nd Rule of Time Travel—Alternative Example To move a cash flow forward in time, you
must compound it.
Suppose you have a choice between receiving $5,000 today or $10,000 in five years. You believe you can earn 10% on the $5,000 today, but want to know what the $5,000 will be worth in five years. The time line looks like this:
![Page 23: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
0 3 4 521
$5,000 $5, 500 $6,050 $6,655 $7,321 $8,053x 1.10 x 1.10 x 1.10 x 1.10 x 1.10
The 2nd Rule of Time Travel—Alternative Example (cont’d)
In five years, the $5,000 will grow to:$5,000 × (1.10)5 = $8,053
The future value of $5,000 at 10% for five years is $8,053.
You would be better off forgoing the gift of $5,000 today and taking the $10,000 in five years.
![Page 24: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Financial Calculator Solution
Inputs: N = 5 I = 10 PV = 5,000
Output: FV = –8,052.55
N
I/Y
PV
FV
5
10
5,000
-8,052.55CPT
![Page 25: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
The 3rd Rule of Time Travel
To move a cash flow backward in time, we must discount it.
Present Value of a Cash Flow
(1 ) (1 )
nn
CPV C r
r
![Page 26: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Example 4.2
![Page 27: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Example 4.2 (cont’d)
![Page 28: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Example 4.2 Financial Calculator Solution Inputs:
N = 10 I = 6 FV = 15,000
Output: PV = –8,375.92
N
I/Y
FV
PV
10
6
15,000
-8,375.92CPT
![Page 29: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
The 3rd Rule of Time Travel—Alternative Example Suppose you are offered an investment that
pays $10,000 in five years. If you expect to earn a 10% return, what is the value of this investment?
![Page 30: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
The 3rd Rule of Time Travel—Alternative Example (cont’d) The $10,000 is worth:
$10,000 ÷ (1.10)5 = $6,209
![Page 31: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Alternative Example: Financial Calculator Solution Inputs:
N = 5 I = 10 FV = 10,000
Output: PV = –6,209.21
N
I/Y
FV
PV
5
10
10,000
-6,209.21CPT
![Page 32: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Combining Values Using the Rules of Time Travel Recall the 1st rule: It is only possible to
compare or combine values at the same point in time. So far we’ve only looked at comparing.
Suppose we plan to save $1000 today, and $1000 at the end of each of the next two years. If we can earn a fixed 10% interest rate on our savings, how much will we have three years from today?
![Page 33: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Combining Values Using the Rules of Time Travel (cont'd) The time line would look like this:
![Page 34: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Combining Values Using the Rules of Time Travel (cont'd)
![Page 35: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Combining Values Using the Rules of Time Travel (cont'd)
![Page 36: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Combining Values Using the Rules of Time Travel (cont'd)
![Page 37: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Example 4.3
![Page 38: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Example 4.3 (cont'd)
![Page 39: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Example 4.3 Financial Calculator Solution
CF 1,000
↓ 1,000
2
10NPV
2,735.54
ENTER
ENTER
↓ ENTER
ENTER
↓ CPT
![Page 40: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
0 3 4 521
$10,000$5,000
Combining Values Using the Rules of Time Travel—Alternative Example Assume that an investment will pay you
$5,000 now and $10,000 in five years. The time line would like this:
![Page 41: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
0 3 4 521
$6,209 $10,000$5,000
$11,209 ÷ 1.105
Combining Values Using the Rules of Time Travel—Alternative Example (cont'd) You can calculate the present value of the combined
cash flows by adding their values today.
The present value of both cash flows is $11,209.
![Page 42: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
0 3 4 521
$5,000 $8,053x 1.105
$10,000
$18,053
Combining Values Using the Rules of Time Travel—Alternative Example (cont'd) You can calculate the future value of the
combined cash flows by adding their values in Year 5.
The future value of both cash flows is $18,053.
![Page 43: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
0 3 4 521
$11,209 $18,053÷ 1.105
0 3 4 521
$11,209 $18,053x 1.105
Present Value
Future Value
Combining Values Using the Rules of Time Travel—Alternative Example (cont'd)
![Page 44: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
4.3 The Power of Compounding: An Application Compounding
Interest on Interest As the number of time periods increases, the future
value increases, at an increasing rate since there is more interest on interest.
![Page 45: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Figure 4.1 The Power of Compounding
![Page 46: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
4.4 Valuing a Stream of Cash Flows Based on the first rule of time travel we can
derive a general formula for valuing a stream of cash flows: if we want to find the present value of a stream of cash flows, we simply add up the present values of each.
![Page 47: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
4.4 Valuing a Stream of Cash Flows (cont’d)
Present Value of a Cash Flow Stream
0 0
( ) (1 )
N Nn
n nn n
CPV PV C
r
![Page 48: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Example 4.4
![Page 49: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Example 4.4 (cont'd)
![Page 50: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Example 4.4 Financial Calculator Solution
![Page 51: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
(1 ) nnFV PV r
Future Value of Cash Flow Stream
Future Value of a Cash Flow Stream with a Present Value of PV
![Page 52: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Future Value of Cash Flow Stream—Alternative Example What is the future value in three years of the
following cash flows if the compounding rate is 5%?
0 321
$2,000 $2,000 $2,000
![Page 53: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Future Value of Cash Flow Stream—Alternative Example (cont'd)
Or
0 321
$2,000
$2,000x 1.05 x 1.05
$2,315x 1.05
$2,205
$2,000x 1.05 x 1.05
$2,100$6,620x 1.05
0 321
$2,000
x 1.05$4,100$2,100
$4,305
$2,000 $2,000
x 1.05
$6,305
x 1.05$6,620
![Page 54: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
4.5 Net Present Value of a Stream
of Cash Flows Calculating the NPV of future cash flows allows us to evaluate an investment decision.
Net Present Value compares the present value of cash inflows (benefits) to the present value of cash outflows (costs).
![Page 55: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
Example 4.5
![Page 56: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Example 4.5 (cont'd)
![Page 57: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Example 4.5 Financial Calculator Solution
![Page 58: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
0 321
$1,000$3,000 $2,000
4.5 Net Present Value of a Stream
of Cash Flows—Alternative Example Would you be willing to pay $5,000 for the
following stream of cash flows if the discount rate is 7%?
![Page 59: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Compute the Present Value of the Benefits and the Present Value of the Cost… The present value of the benefits is:
3000 / (1.05) + 2000 / (1.05)2 + 1000 / (1.05)3 = 5366.91
The present value of the cost is $5,000, because it occurs now.
The NPV = PV(benefits) – PV(cost)
= 5366.91 – 5000 = 366.91
![Page 60: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
Alternative Example Financial Calculator Solution
On a present value basis, the benefits exceed the costs by $366.91.
![Page 61: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
4.6 Perpetuities, Annuities, and Other Special Cases When a constant cash flow will occur at
regular intervals forever it is called a perpetuity.
The value of a perpetuity is simply the cash flow divided by the interest rate.
Present Value of a Perpetuity
( in perpetuity) C
PV Cr
![Page 62: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
Example 4.6
![Page 63: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
Example 4.6 (cont'd)
![Page 64: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
Annuities
When a constant cash flow will occur at regular intervals for N periods it is called an annuity.
Present Value of an Annuity 1 1 (annuity of for periods with interest rate ) 1
(1 )
NPV C N r C
r r
![Page 65: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
Example 4.7
![Page 66: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
Example 4.7 (cont'd)
![Page 67: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
Example 4.7 (cont'd)
Future Value of an Annuity
(annuity) V (1 )
1 1 (1 )
(1 )
1 (1 ) 1
N
NN
N
FV P r
Cr
r r
C rr
![Page 68: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
Example 4.7 Financial Calculator Solution Since the payments begin today, this is an
Annuity Due.
First, put the calculator on “Begin” mode:
2ND PMT 2ND ENTER 2ND CPT
![Page 69: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
Example 4.7 Financial Calculator Solution (cont'd) Then:
$15 million > $12.16 million, so take the lump sum.
![Page 70: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
Example 4.8
![Page 71: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
Example 4.8 (cont'd)
![Page 72: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
Example 4.8 Financial Calculator Solution Since the payments begin in one year, this is
an Ordinary Annuity. Be sure to put the calculator back on “End” mode:
2ND PMT 2ND ENTER 2ND CPT
![Page 73: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
Example 4.8 Financial Calculator Solution (cont'd) Then
N
I/Y
PMT
FV
30
10
10,000
-1,644,940CPT
![Page 74: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
Growing Perpetuities
Assume you expect the amount of your perpetual payment to increase at a constant rate, g.
Present Value of a Growing Perpetuity
(growing perpetuity)
C
PVr g
![Page 75: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75
Example 4.9
![Page 76: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
Example 4.9 (cont'd)
![Page 77: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
Growing Annuities
The present value of a growing annuity with the initial cash flow c, growth rate g, and interest rate r is defined as:
Present Value of a Growing Annuity
1 1 1
( ) (1 )
Ng
PV Cr g r
![Page 78: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78
Example 4.10
![Page 79: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79
Example 4.10 (cont'd)
![Page 80: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80
4.7 Solving Problems with a Spreadsheet Program Spreadsheets simplify the calculations of
TVM problems NPER RATE PV PMT FV
1 1 V 1 0
(1 ) (1 )
NPER NPER
FVNPV P PMT
RATE RATE RATE
![Page 81: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81
Example 4.11
![Page 82: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
82
Example 4.11 (cont'd)
![Page 83: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
83
Example 4.12
![Page 84: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84
Example 4.12 (cont'd)
![Page 85: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
85
4.8 Solving for Variables Other Than Present Values or Future Values Sometimes we know the present value or
future value, but do not know one of the variables we have previously been given as an input. For example, when you take out a loan you may know the amount you would like to borrow, but may not know the loan payments that will be required to repay it.
![Page 86: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
86
Example 4.13
![Page 87: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
87
Example 4.13 (cont'd)
![Page 88: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
88
4.8 Solving for Variables Other Than Present Values or Future Values (cont’d) In some situations, you know the present
value and cash flows of an investment opportunity but you do not know the internal rate of return (IRR), the interest rate that sets the net present value of the cash flows equal to zero.
![Page 89: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
89
Example 4.14
![Page 90: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
90
Example 4.14 (cont'd)
![Page 91: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
91
Example 4.15
![Page 92: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
92
Example 4.15 (cont'd)
![Page 93: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
93
4.8 Solving for Variables Other Than Present Values or Future Values (cont’d) In addition to solving for cash flows or the
interest rate, we can solve for the amount of time it will take a sum of money to grow to a known value.
![Page 94: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
94
Example 4.16
![Page 95: Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081504/568150f8550346895dbf1718/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
95
Example 4.16 (cont'd)