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Chapter 4

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The Physical Environment Peninsulas, mountains, & islands = isolated city-states Tectonic activity (earthquakes & volcanoes) Warm, Mediterranean, climate = outdoor activities

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The Minoan Civilization 2700-1450 B.C. on the Island of Crete Named after King Minos Palace at Knossos (NAH SUHS) Traded with Egypt & Greece Murals (Frescos) of sports & nature Suddenly ended: earthquake on the island of Thera? invaded by the Mycenaeans?

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Minoan men

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Minoan women

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Myths & Legends The Minoans ascribed religious or magical power to dancing and to the remarkable athletic performance now known as bull leaping. Minoan reverence for the bull is probably reflected in Greek myths of later days The interrelated tales of Minos and of Theseus and the Minotaur, or the tale of Hercules and the Cretan bull.

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Pithoi The people of ancient Cretes Minoan culture used many-handled jars called pithoi for the storage of oils or grains. Minoans also used the jars as vessels for human burial.

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Knossos Palace

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Throne Room

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Dolphin Fresco

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Bull Leaping Fresco

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Mycenae (MY SEE NEE) 1600-1100 B.C. in Southern Greece (Peloponnesus) The first Greek city-state Indo Europeans Each city had its own Monarch They lived in fortified palaces that were built on hills & surrounded by walls Were buried in beehive shaped tombs called Tholos Ended because of civil war & invasion from the north Greece enters a dark age

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City gate

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Then & now

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Tholos

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Interior of a tholos

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The Trojan War???? The Trojan War was supposed to have been fought between Mycenae (Greece) and Troy (Turkey) There really was a King Agamemnon @ 250 B.C. We have found the ruins of Troy (modern Turkey) We dont know if there really was a war If there was a war, it would have probably been fought over the Dardanelles, not over a woman

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The Iliad & the Odyssey Homer (The blind poet) given credit Epic Poems = heroism (Arte = excellence) Recited from memory, the Greeks did not use writing at the time The Iliad: the Trojan War (10 years) Agamemnon = brother of the King of Sparta Paris = Prince of Troy, & kidnapper of Helen Helen = the most beautiful women in the world, wife of the king of Sparta who fled Sparta with Paris she was the face that launched a thousand ships The Odyssey: ten years to travel home from the Trojan Odysseus = hero of the Trojan War trying to get back home: Penelope = wife of Odysseus

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Homer

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Agamemnons burial mask

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Entrance Ramp to Troy

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Amphitheatre

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This is what the Trojan horse might have looked like

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The Dark Ages of Greece Cause & effect: the Mycenaean civilization is destroyed - the population & food production decrease the population & food production decrease - people began to migrate & set up colonies Settling colonies = more trade & sharing culture Ionia = Asia Minor (Anatolia) Aeolia = North & Central Greece & islands Doria = Southwest Greece (Peloponnesus) & the Aegean islands (including Crete) the most famous colony is the city-state of Byzantium Byzantium = Constantinople = Istanbul Becomes the capital of the Byzantine Empire AKA the Eastern Roman Empire)

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The City - State Polis = city Independent from each other Controlled the surrounding territory Political, social, & religious centers Acropolis = fortified refuge, usually located at the top of a hill Agora = open area in the middle of town, usually used as a market place or a place to assemble

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Acropolis of Athens

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Agora of Athens

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What the Agora looked like

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Greek Military cavalry soldiers = aristocracy infantry = peasants = Hoplites Round shield Short sword 8 ft. spear Helmet with a mohawk of feathers Marched in phalanx (FAY LANX) = shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation

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Hoplites in battle

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Hoplite in uniform

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Phalanx

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The People Adult males = citizen Had the right to vote in assembly Greek Women & Children = citizens without the right to vote Slaves & resident aliens = non-citizens no rights

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spinning

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weaving

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Types of Greek Government Aristocratic rule a few rich landowners controlled everything Tyranny = seized power from the aristocrats by force supported by the rich merchants & the poor landowners that owed money to the aristocracy Kept control with paid soldiers (mercenaries) Oligarchy = rule by the few (Sparta) Democracy = rule by the many, or rule by the people (Athens)

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Tyranny Cause & effect A Lack of farmland = colonization Colonization = increased trade/wealth increased trade/wealth = tyranny The people liked the Tyrants Hired solders to maintain order, & built markets, temples, & city walls to keep the people happy Most of the Tyrants were replaced soon after they came to power, because the Greeks believed in the rule of law

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Sparta Located on the Peloponnese Peninsula Conquered neighbors & made them serfs (Helots) Military government wanted to remain isolated so that outside ideas could not pollute the minds of the people Women had more freedoms than anywhere else in the ancient world because they ran the households & farms while their men lived in the barracks

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Spartan Oligarchy Military state: Ephors 5 (annually) elected officials in charge of education & conduct of citizens Council of elders 2 kings + 28 male citizens over 60 Got to debate issues The assembly all male citizens over 30 Could vote but did not get to debate issues Stratified society: Citizens = Spartan men, women, & children Helots = slaves (people the Spartans conquered)

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Military State All babies were inspected by government officials when they were born, if the werent good enough they were exposed on the side of a mountain All males citizens had to join the army: entered training when they were 7 joined the army when they were 20 years old They were required to get married at 20, but lived in the military barracks until they were 30 had to eat all meals at the public dining hall (black broth) they couldnt retire until they were 60

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The Greek City- States

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Athens Located on the Attica peninsula an oligarchy of aristocrats took control of politics 594 B.C. They aristocrats appointed Solon as ruler an attempt to avoid civil war many peasants could not pay their debts to the wealthy landowners He was replaced with the tyrant Pisistratus who gave all the land to the poor peasants the peasants rebelled & put Cleisthenes in power he created a council of 500 & gave more power to the assembly established the basis of Athenian Democracy Democracy = the rule of the many, government by the people, either directly or through their elected representatives

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The Persians are Coming!!! Ionia (the Greek Colony on the coast of Anatolia) was taken over by the Persian Empire (Darius I) 499 B.C., Athens tried to help the Ionians rebel (they failed) 490 B.C. Persia attacked Greece (to pay them back) The Athenians won the battle at Marathon Pheidippedes ran 26 miles to Athens to tell everyone the good news, then died 480 B.C., Xerxes, Darius I son, invaded Athens 7,000 Greeks v. 180,000 Persians Thermopylae Pass 300 Spartans were especially brave, but they were betrayed the people of Athens abandoned their city The unified Greeks army called the Delian League defeated the Persians

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Classical Greece The Delian League continued to protect all of the Greek city-states after the Persian but Athens had all the power Pericles was the democratically elected leader of Athens The Age of Pericles & the school of Greece Direct Democracy paid public officials = poor people could take part in government rebuilt Athens including the Acropolis (Delian $) 10 elected generals ran policy in Athens Ostracism = banned for 10 years

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Pericles

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Daily Life in Athens City population: 150,000 citizens, 35,000 foreigners, 100,000 slaves Economy: based primarily on farming & trade (grapes=wine, olives=olive oil, they had to import grain) Women = citizens? no political rights were allowed to participate in religious festivals were not allowed to leave their houses without a companion were not allowed to own property were not given an education, they were expected to marry by the age of 15

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The Peloponnesian War Sparta got mad that Athens for spending Delian League money to rebuild Athens 431 B.C. Sparta laid siege to Athens Pericles knew the Spartans would win in open battle, so he kept the Athenians behind their walls 430 B.C. a plague broke out in Athens 1/3 of the people were killed (including Pericles) 405 B.C. Athens was defeated Sparta, Athens, & Thebes struggle over domination for the next 66 years Meanwhile Macedonia in the north was becoming more powerful (Alexander the Great)

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Greek Religion The Titans The 12 gods of Mt. Olympus (highest mt. in Greece) they built large temples to the gods where the people could perform rituals & festivals (Olympics in 776 B.C.) to make the gods look favorably on them Oracles = people who could tell you the will of the gods (temple of Apollo at Delphi) ambiguous answers Mythology = stories about the gods

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Aphrodite (Venus) Goddess of beauty and sexual desire Apollo (Apollo) God of prophecy, medicine, and archery (late mythology: God of the sun) Ares (Mars) God of War Artemis (Diana) Goddess of the hunt (late mythology: Goddess of moon) Athena (Minerva) Goddess of arts and crafts, and war; Helper of heroes (late mythology: Goddess of wisdom) Hera (Juno) Goddess of marriage and childbirth; Protector of married women; Queen of the gods Hades (Pluto) God of the underworld; Lord of the dead Poseidon (Neptune) God of the sea and earthquakes Zeus (Jupiter) Ruler of the gods

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Chronus & Rhea

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Zeus

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Zeus kids

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Greek Drama Created western drama Tragedies (trilogies) focused on: the nature of good & evil, the rights of the individual, the role of the gods in life, & human nature Oresteia by Aeschylus Oedipus Rex by Sophocles Euripides focused of real life situations Comedies developed later & criticized society Aristophanes

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The Writing of Histories A systematic analysis of past events Herodotus (the first) wrote The history of the Persian Wars Thucydides (the best) wrote the History of the Peloponnesian War he was Athenian general who was exiled for a defeat

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Greek (Classical) Art Moderation, balance, & harmony usually focused on beautiful human beings Architecture = calm, clarity, & freedom from unnecessary detail temples= the Parthenon (447 -432 B.C.) Columns = Doric, ionic, Corinthian Sculpture = idealized, lifelike male nudes Polyclitus wrote Doryphoros Set ideal proportions based on mathematical ratios found in nature

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The Parthanon

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Parthenon Relief

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Athena