Chapter 4 : SummaryEnglish 112 / Jan 21/2011

erika paterson

p. 57: Initial skepticism over the impact of neighborhood conditions ....

... has spurned considerable research purportedly documenting such effects ...

Who said what ?Understanding citation & Reporting Expressions

purportedly

How do South and Crowder (1999) attribute/characterize & position with these reporting expressions?

skepticism

documenting

(Jencks & Mayer 1990)

(Aneshensel and Sucoff 1996; Billy, Brewster, and Grady 1994; Corcoran et.al. 1992; Duncan 1994; Duncan, Connel, and Klebanov 1997; Elliott et al. 1996; Entwisle, Alexander, and Orson 1994; cf. Evans, Oates, and Schwab 1992).

citation is summary

Without citation -- there is no summary

Each cited statement is like a tiny summary

Without summary - there is no scholarly conversation

Each citation captures the gist of a passage, or an entire article !

How can you

capture the

‘gist’ of an

entire article

with one

citation?

How can you

capture the

‘gist’ of an

entire article

with one

citation?

By working with ‘levels’ of abstraction & detail to capture what is relevant to your discussion.

Write as you read / Estimate what is important / Avoid full sentences & copying Write as you read / Estimate what is important / Avoid full sentences & copying

Recording levelsAbstractions & Generalities

social norms

masculine & feminine genders economic/ legal pressures

m/f marriage laws, property laws, benefits

(p. 60) heterosexual systems

dating/ sex education/ erotica

Heterosexuality appears to be NORMAL - by nature

institutional discrimination

Details & Examples

The Social Construction of HeterosexualityColhoun (1994) traces how heterosexual systems are created through socialization as well as legal and economic pressures (cited in Giltrow 60). She identifies both social practices (dating, sex education, erotica) and legal and economic structures (adoption, marriage laws, health benefits, pensions) which work to socially construct ‘gender dimorphism’ at an early age and eventually to produce the ‘naturalized’ “single unit of man & woman” (61). Heterosexuality appears to be ‘normal’ and ‘by nature’, when in reality it is a socially constructed norm enforced through social, legal and economic practices and laws.

NOW READ GILTROW’S SUMMARY OF THE SAME PASSAGE p. 63

The Social Construction of Heterosexuality

Colhoun (1994) traces how heterosexual systems are created through socialization as well as legal and economic pressures (cited in Giltrow 60). She identifies both social practices (dating, sex education, erotica) and legal and economic structures (adoption, marriage laws, health benefits, pensions) which work to socially construct ‘gender dimorphism’ at an early age and eventually to produce the ‘naturalized’ “single unit of man & woman” (61). Heterosexuality appears to be ‘normal’ and ‘by nature’, when in reality it is a socially constructed norm enforced through social, legal and economic practices and laws.

Architecturally expressed health strategies

connection between public & private

institutional care /individual patients

conflict in scale of careinstitutional /community

hospital/professional care domestic / family care

alienates and disorients patients

“at the interface between public presence and private

life” (67)

make conflict of scale readable and

clear

‘harmonize’ institutional scale with personal

outlook

architectural strategies

‘rationalize’ the interface'

Ex 1 (67)

The architectural design of the Bethany Green Health Centre in London, is an example of an ‘architecturally expressed health strategy’ that works to “harmonize” institutional scale with “personal outlook” (cited in Giltrow (2009) 67). The design strategy is to “rationalize the interface” between institutional scale and community, between hospital care and family care; this ‘conflict of scale’ is described as alienating and disorienting for patients. The Bethany Green Health Centre design works to make this conflict “readable and clear” (67).

Ex.2 (68): Psychological Stress & DiseaseEx.2 (68): Psychological Stress & Disease

pathogenesis of physical diseasethe course of a disease

influenced by stress = negative results anxiety/depression biological & behavioral

increase susceptibilitysmoking/ no exercise

chronic stress & event stress

sexual assaultillness in family

Can stress be considered a disease?

Cohen et.al. (2007) detail how stress effects the ‘pathogenesis of physical disease’ (cited in Giltrow (68). Stress manifests in anxiety and depression which, citing Kessler (1995), Cohen at. el. explain, can lead to negative “biological processes” (increased susceptibility to disease) and “behavioral patterns” (increased smoking, no exercise, lack of sleep). Cohen et. al. conclude that both chronic stress and event stress effect the pathogenesis of disease by increasing susceptibility “for both physical and psychiatric disorders” (68). While Cohen et. al. emphasize the negative influence of stress on disease risk, one wonders if stress should be considered a disease it it’s own right?

Cohen et.al. (2007) detail how stress effects the ‘pathogenesis of physical disease’ (cited in Giltrow (68). Stress manifests in anxiety and depression which, citing Kessler (1995), Cohen at. el. explain, can lead to negative “biological processes” (increased susceptibility to disease) and “behavioral patterns” (increased smoking, no exercise, lack of sleep). Cohen et. al. conclude that both chronic stress and event stress effect the pathogenesis of disease by increasing susceptibility “for both physical and psychiatric disorders” (68). While Cohen et. al. emphasize the negative influence of stress on disease risk, one wonders if stress should be considered a disease it it’s own right?

How does my summary attribute/characterize & position with these reporting expressions?

(cited in Giltrow (68) Cohen et.al. (2007) detail how

Cohen at. el. explain

Cohen et. al. conclude

one wonders if

Cohen et. al. emphasize

I have positioned myself by referring to a larger phenomenon--> look at the bottom of page 65

Citing Kessler (1995)

Establishing your position

There are several ways to ‘take a position’ in relation to the write whose ideas you are representing (71).

with reporting expressions: according to / explains / suggests /observes/ describes / points to --> argues / asserts/ claims/ --> purportedly documents/ assumes/ presupposes / takes for granted / surprisingly suggests

by mentioning what kind of study: experimental, statistical analysis, field research --> feminist theory / scientific theory / mathematical calculations

by pointing to issues not mentioned in the original: a larger phenomenon: example, Counts and Counts cite Bellah et. al.’s ‘imagined community’ and my examples: social construction of heterosexuality and ‘I wonder if stress should be considered a disease in its own right?

Let’s read the passage that is

being summarized and “follow the journey” of this

idea of “imagined community.”

Let’s read the passage that is

being summarized and “follow the journey” of this

idea of “imagined community.”

Reporting REporting :Tracing the conversation : who said what? (78)

In his study of the settlement patterns of undocumented immigrants in the US southeast, Chavez (1994) cites Anderson’s notion of community as “imagined”: a subjective sensation of being connected with others, despite inequality and the absence of face-to-face contact, an “image of [...] communion with others” (Anderson cited in Chavez, p. 54).

Summary of Chavez passage from ...

:

[...] (Anderson cited in Chavez, p. 54)

Anderson’s notionChavez (1994) cites

Why is the word “imagined” in quotation marks? (page 77)

Let’s look at this title closely and the formatting of the reference

“ The Power of the

Imagined Community: The Settlement of undocumented Mexicans and Central Americans in the United States.” American Anthropologist 96 (1): 52 -73, 54.

Suffice to say that despite all the work that has been carried out on communities, the question still remains: What underlies a sense of community? Anderson (1983) examined this question and suggested that communities are “imagined.” Members of modern nations cannot possibly know all their fellow-members, and yet “In the minds of each lives the image of communion [...] It is imagined as a community because, regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship” (Anderson 1983: 15 -16). In this view, members of a community internalize an image of the community not as a group of anomic individuals but as inter-connected members who share equality in their fundamental membership in the community.

Now, lets review the summary again, go to page 78

A level summaryRacist attitudes in Literature and Historical accounts of Travelers

In Traveling Cultures, James Clifford (1997) questions the definition of "travel" by examining the influence of class and race on its application. Historically, for example, people of color and those of 'lower' classes were never deemed "travelers" (cited in Giltrow 77).  Clifford calls attention to the fact that in literature and historical accounts, "travelers" were consistently white, bourgeois voyagers, and rarely the non-white servants or guides who made the voyage possible (77). Clifford brings to light the historically racist role of the term "traveler" and causes the reader to rethink their present definition or notion of the term.

Medical choices and The Role of the 'Therapeutic Community'

Mary Douglas (1996) examines the influence of culture in medical disciplines, highlighting the influence of therapeutic communities and social norms on a patient. Social norms, she explains, have created a "sick role". Employing Janzen's concept of a " therapeutic community" (friends, family, neighbors, and the local doctor who are always ready with medical advice), Douglas explains how 'the patient' is pressured into adhering to the 'norms' of this "sick role" (cited in Giltrow, 75). If the patient does not desire to follow these "rules", they risk isolation, and are therefore under great pressure to be loyal to the therapeutic community and a certain medical theory.

Racist attitudes in Literature and Historical accounts of TravelersIn Traveling Cultures, James Clifford (1997) questions the definition of "travel" by examining the influence of class and race on its application. Historically, for example, people of color and those of 'lower' classes were never deemed "travelers" (cited in Giltrow 77).  Clifford calls attention to the fact that in literature and historical accounts, "travelers" were consistently white, bourgeois voyagers, and rarely the non-white servants or guides who made the voyage possible (77). Clifford brings to light the historically racist role of the term "traveler" and causes the reader to rethink their present definition or notion of the term.