Chapter 4 (Students)

TEACHING AND LEARNING MODULE

SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUH

BIOLOGY

MODULE 4

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

OF THE CELL

STUDENTS NAME :

FORM :

TEACHERS NAME :

CONCEPTUAL MAP

THEME: INVESTIGATE CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE

CHAPTER 4 : CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

4.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

4.1.1 ELEMENT IN THE CELL

(C.K. PB01)

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

Main Element needed by cell to build chemical compound in the cell.

All the element in the form of ions.

Remark: Nucleic acid will be discuss in chapter 5.


Complete the table belowNOCHEMICAL COMPOUND

CARBOHYDRATEPROTEINLIPID

1MAJOR ELEMENTC,H,OC,H,O,N,S,PC,H,O

2BASIC UNITGLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE

*GLUCOSE IS ALSO A MONOMER FOR CARBOHYDRATEAMINO ACID

GROUP OF AMINO ACIDS:

I. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

2 NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

* AMINO ACIDS IS ALSO A MONOMER FOR PROTEINFATTY ACID & GLYCEROL

1. 1 GLYCEROL + 1 FATTY ACID MONOGLYCERIDE

II. 1 GLYCEROL + 2 FATTY ACIDS DIGLYCERIDE

III. 1 GLYCEROL + 3 FATTY ACID TRIGLYCERIDE

3TYPES

4SOURCECEREALMILKANIMAL FAT

5IMPORTANCE/

FUNCTION

6STRUCTUREI GLUCOSE:

II STARCH

III CELLULOSE

IV GLYCOGEN

PROTEIN STRUCTURE

I. PRIMARY

II. SECONDARY

III.TERTIARY

IV QUARTERNARY

*TIPS USE 2 DIFFERENT COLOUR FOR THE QUARTERNER STRUCTURE

LIPIDS STRUCTURE

I. MONOGLYCERIDE

II DIGLYCERIDE

III TRIGLYCERIDE

7STRUCTURAL FORMATION PROCESSI. GLUCOSAE + GLUCOSE

MALTOSE + AIR

PROCESS:

II

PROCESS:

III PROCESS:

IV

PROCESS:

AMINO ACID + AMINO ACID

DIPEPTIDE + WATER

PROCESS:

II

PROCESS:

1 GLYCEROL + 3

AMINO ACIDS

TRIGLYCERIDE +

3 WATER

*REMARK:

I.Definition of condensation is a process which involves the removal of a water molecule when

a bond is formed between two molecules.

2Experiment refer chapter 7


NOCHEMICAL COMPOUND

WATERFIBREVITAMIN MINERAL SALTS

1MAIN ELEMENT

2SOURCE

3IMPORTANCE

/FUNCTIONI

II

III

REFER TABLEREFER TABLE

* Remark: C.K. KB03&KB04 Experiment to identify the water content in the young leaf and mature leaf.

THE IMPORTANCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF DEFICENCY OF VITAMIN

VITAMINSOURCEIMPORTANCEDEFICIENCY

A

B

C

D

E

K

ACTIVITY 1: Conceptual map to help student give a definition of vitamin using all the information given. Fill in all the facts in

the given space and write a definition of vitamin.

VITAMIN CONCEPTUAL MAP

DEFINATION OF VITAMIN : ____________________________________________________________________

THE IMPORTANCE AND CONSEQUENCE OF DEFICIENCY OF MINERAL SALTS

MINERAL SALTSOURCEIMPORTANCE/ FUNCTIONDEFICIENCY

Calcium

Magnesium

Sodium

Phosphorus

Sulphur

potassium

Ferum/ iron

iodine

ACTIVITY 2 : EVALUATING

Table below shows mineral content in the several types of meat.

Types of meatMineral %

chicken1.1

duck1.1

cow0.9

goat1.0

rabbit1.5

Write a simple report about the judgement of the contents of mineral in the types of meat given in the table. This report should be able to guide the housewife to choose the suitable meat for the growth and healthiness of the family.

Scheme:1. able to state the chosen meat.

2 reason why choose that meat.

3 able to relate the mineral content with the growth and health.

4 explain why other meat is not suitable to be chosen.


4.2SYNTHESIZING THE CONCEPT OF ENZYME

C.K - KNOWLEDGE

4.2.1THE INVOLVEMENT OF SPECIFIC ORGANELLES IN THE

PRODUCTION OF ENZYME

A List all the organelles involved in the production of extra cellular enzyme

1 ..

2 ..

3..

4..

5 ..

6..

BWrite the sequence of formation and secretion of extra cellular enzyme in the

spaces given.

FIGURE 1

CDraw a figure to show the sequence of formation and secretion of

extra cellular enzymes.

*REMARKS: REFER TO FIGURE OF FORMATION AND SECRETION OF

EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES IN CHAPTER 2

4.2.2FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY

1.List all the factors affecting enzyme activity

I.

Ii.

Iii

Iv..

2 IDraw graph of all the factors affecting enzyme activity..

iiexplain each of the graph.

1. Temperature

2 pH

Graph explanation

Graph explanation

3 Enzyme concentration 4 Substrate concentration

Graph explanation

Graph explanation

3Table below shows the result of experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

Test tube Enzyme concentration

(%)

Time taken for complete hydrolysis

( minute)Reaction rate, 1/t

1/ time

(minute -1 )

A16.76.0

B33.33.0

C50.02.0

D66.71.5

E83.31.5

F100.01.5

TABLE : SHOW THE RESULT OF EXPERIMENT EFFECT OF ENZYME CONCENTRATION ON ENZYME REACTION RATE.

I.Complete the above table.

IiDraw graph enzyme reaction rate against enzyme concentration according to the above table.

iii.According to the above graph, explain how enzyme concentration affect rate of reaction.

..

..

Teachers guide:

P1- as the concentration of enzyme increases (16.7%- 50.0%) , rate of

reaction increases (0.17 -0.50 minute-1 )

P2- until its maximum level ( 0.5 mint -1)

P3- after maximum level rate of reaction remain constant where substrate is

limiting.

4.2.3MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION

1.Enzyme action is a ____________________________because there were ____________________whose shape is complementary to the enzyme known as ____.

2.Complete the mechanism of enzyme action.

(LOCK AND KEY HYPHOTESIS )

3. Explain how pH, temperature, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration effect the mechanism of enzyme action .

FactorsMechanism of enzyme action

Temperature

pH

4. Example of biochemical reaction.

Enzyme action Biochemical reaction Enzyme

IntracellularCell respiration ATP sintetase

Extracellular

5.State the definition of enzyme

..

scheme: Enzyme are proteins which act as biological catalysts. They speed up biochemical reaction in the cell.

4.2.4THE USES OF ENZYMES IN DAILY LIFE AND INDUSTRY

APPLICATION ENZIM USAGE

Dairy industry Rennin

Lactase

Brewing industry Protease, amylase, cellulose

Biological detergentsProtease, lipase, amylase

Baking industryAmylase

Protease

Glucose oxidase

Meat industryProtease, papain

Textile industryAmylase

Leather industry Protease

Paper industry ligninase

4.3 REALISING THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN

CELLS.

Chemical compound

Effect of deficiency

Carbohydrate No cell respiration without glucose

Protein No production of enzyme

Lipid Effect the formation/ production of cells

Nucleic acid There are no chromosome in the cells

Water Effect the cell metabolisme process.

CHEMICAL COMPOUND

ELEMENT

MAJOR

TRACE

ULTRATRACE

ORGANIC

CARBOHYDRATE

PROTEIN

LIPID

VITAMIN

FIBRE

WATER

MINERAL SALTS

ENZIM

GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC

NAMING

SITES OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

CLASIFIYING

FACTOR AFFECTING ENZYME

MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION

DEFINITION

USES OF ENZYME IN DAILY LIFE AND INDUSTRY


NON-ORGANIC

ELEMENT

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

MAJOR

TRACE

ULTRATRACE

ORGANIC

NON ORGANIC

WATER

MINERAL SALT

KARBOHIDRAT

FUNCTION

__________________________________________________________

Jenis sebatian

TYPE OF COMPOUND

_________________

VITAMIN

AMOUNT NEEDED

___________________________________

SOURCE

_____________________________________________

sumber

ENZYME

CLASS OF ENZYME

CHARACTERISTIC OF ENZYME

BASIC CONCEPT OF NAMING ENZYME ASE

Example: amylase,

EXTRACELLULAR

INTRACELLULAR

Definition;

Example:

Definition:

Example:

1nucleus

2ribosomes

3Rough endoplasmic

reticulum

4Golgi body

5secretory vesicle

6transport vesicle

The instruction for making the extracellular enzyme is transcribed from DNA to RNA in the nucles

nucleus

RNA

Golgi body

Transport vesicle

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes

Secretory vesicle

* use graph paper.

+

Enzyme

Substrate

Enzyme-substrate complex

Enzyme

Product

Teachers guide:

1. Make sure the shape of the substrate is complementary to the enzyme.

2. Make sure enzyme is in its original shape after the reaction.

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Chapter 4 (Students)

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