SOIL TEST AND SURVEY

TEST FOR PARTICLE SIZE

SIEVE ANALYSISthe process being used to determine the

particle sizes of gravel and for coarse and fine aggregates. A sample of the material is thoroughly dried and then shaken through a series of sieves ranging from coarse to fine and the amount on each sieve is weighed and recorded.

TEST TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF MOISTURE

The AASHTO designation T 89 on liquid limit

The Plastic Limit

The Plastic Index

Shrinkage Test

Hand Feel Test

DENSITY TEST OF SOIL

The main variables in the soil proper are:

1. Specific Gravity of the soil particles

2. The Particle Size of distribution of the soil

3. Grain Shape of soil particles.

LAB ORATORY TEST FOR SOIL DENSITY

Test for density may be divided into two class:

1. Laboratory test to set standard for density.

2. Field test to measure the density of soil in place in the roadway.

Laboratory test may be subdivided into three according to the

basis of compaction procedure:

1. Static test

2. Dynamic or impact test

3. Tamping foot or kneading compaction test

FIELD DENSITY OF SOIL IN-PLACE

The means of comparing the density result in the

laboratory. This comparison is performed on the basis of

relative compaction defined as follows:

Relative compaction = Dry weight per cu ft. of soil in the

roadway structure

Dry wt./cu.ft. of soil sample at optimum

moisture

content compacted in a standard manner.

FIELD DENSITY AND MOISTURE CONTENT BY SAMPLING

There are four factors that affect the accuracy of

measuring relative density, namely

1. Change in the soil itself

2. The sampling method

3. The accuracy of laboratory testing for standard

density

4. The accuracy of testing the field density

THE STRENGTH TEST

Soil Test to determine the strength of soil is

classified into:

1. Test for load carrying capacity for foundation;

rate and amount of consolidation in soils that

support the foundation.(This is applicable to

bridge foundation)

2. Test to measure the supporting power of

disturbed soils as compacted under standard

procedure.

METHODS:

THE HVEEM STABILOMETER METHODS

STABILOMETER TEST

TRI-AXIAL DESIGN METHOD

DYNAMIC MODULUS

NUCLEAR DEVICES TEST

A.NUCLEAR DEVICES TRANSMISSION TYPE

B.NUCLEAR DEVICES BACK-SCATTER TYPE

REFRACTION SEISMIC METHOD

HVEEM STABILOMETER METHOD

THIS METHOD MEASURES THE HORIZONTAL MEASURE DEVELOPED IN A SHORT CYLINDER SAMPLE LOADED VERTICALLY ON ITS END.

TRIAXIAL DESIGN METHOD

THIS METHOD IS ADOPTED BY SOME AGENCIES FOR COMPRESSION TEST.

DYNAMIC MODULUS

RECOMPACTED OR UNDISTURBED SAMPLES ARE TESTED TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE, DEGREE OF SATURATION, DENSITY AND AGE ON THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF PAVEMENT MATERIALS.

NUCLEAR DEVICES TEST

FOR DETERMINING IN-PLACE DENSITIES AND

MOISTURE CONTENTS RE USED.

2 TYPES:

A.TRANSMISSION TYPE- measures density and

moisture content for any depth up to 25 centimeter.

B.BACK SCATTER DEVICE- it measures density and

moisture content at a depth of 3 to 4 inches.

REFRACTION SEISMIC METHOD

A GEOPHYSICAL METHOD USED FOR SUB SURFACE EXPLORATION CALLED REFRACTION SEISMIC METHOD RELIES ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT THE SPEED OF TRAVEL OF SHOCK THROUGH THE EARTH SURFACE IS DIFFERENT DEPENDING UPON THE KIND OF MATERIALS.

SAMPLE PROBLEM AB OUT RELATIVE COMPACTION

Determine the relative compaction if the dry unit

weight in the field is 17.08km/m3 and the

maximum dry unit weight result in the laboratory

is 18.31km/m3?

SOLUTION:

GIVEN:

Yd(field)= 17.08km/m3

Yd(max-lab) = 18.31km/m3

R= (Yd(field) /Yd(max-lab))x100

= (17.08/18.31)100= 93%

SOIL SURVEY

Soil survey, or soil mapping, is the process

of classifying soil types and other soil

properties in a given area and geo-encoding

such information.