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Transcript of Chapter 4 Rome: From Republic to Empire Chapter 4 Rome: From Republic to Empire Copyright © 2010...
Chapter 4Rome: From Republic to Empire
Chapter 4Rome: From Republic to Empire
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Prehistoric Italy
Bronze Age, ca. 1500 B.C.E.
Early invaders, ca. 1000, speak Italic languages
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The EtruscansMost powerful external influence on early RomansRose ca. 800 B.C.E. in Tuscany (west central coast)Military ruling class, used native Italian laborReligion: good & evil spirits, placated through rituals & priestsWomen had more active public role than in Greek polisExpanded territory, 7th & 6th centuries B.C.E., declined after 500 B.C.E.Driven out of northern Italy around 400 B.C.E. by Celtic peoples from Gaul
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Royal RomeLatium: region around RomeImperium: power to issue commands and enforce them, granted to kings by Roman peopleSenate: second branch of early Roman government; about 300 for most of the Republic; theoretically advisory, actually quite powerfulCuriate assembly: third branch of government; made up of all citizens, called by kingFather had imperium over children. Women were under control of adult males.Clientage: social inferiors (clients) granted protection & assistance by wealthy patrons in exchange for labor, military service, political support; key institutionTwo social classes:
Patricians: upper class, monopoly on power & influence; SenatorsPlebians: lower class of poor farmers, laborers, artisans; clients
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The RepublicTraditionally understood to have been created after noble revolt of 509 B.C.E.Constitution: unwritten laws & customs
Consuls: two, with imperium, elected for one year; led army, performed religious duties, acted as judges; powers legally limited
• Quaestors• Lictors• Dictator• Proconsul• Praetor• Censor
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The Republic (cont.)Senate: only continuous deliberative body; made up of prominent patricians; gained control of finances & foreign policyAssembly: early Republic had centuriate assembly—army acting in a political capacity; basic unit was century, 100 fighting men
Struggle of the Orders: two-century struggle of plebians for political recognition; resulted in creation of plebian tribunes to represent interests in government; attained right to be elected consul
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Conquest of ItalyEtruscans defeated, 392 B.C.E.Gauls invade from across Alps, defeat Roman army & burn Rome, extract ransom, then go away350 B.C.E., Romans rebound, fight off Gallic raids, subdue LatinsConquered peoples treated harshly if rebellious, but given opportunity for advancement, even to Roman citizenship—effective policy for successful Roman expansionGreek king Pyrrhus defeated in southern ItalyBy 265 B.C.E., Rome master of Italy to Po River by defeating Samnites
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Punic WarsCarthage: great naval power of western Mediterranean; started by Phoenicians in 9th c. B.C.E. near modern Tunis, North Africa
6th c.: Carthage rules N. Africa from Libya to Gibraltar, southern Spain, Sardinia, Corsica, western Sicily
War between Rome & Carthage starts over Sicily
First Punic War (264–241 B.C.E.): Carthage loses Sicily
Second Punic War (218–202 B.C.E.): ends Carthage as great power; Rome gains control of western Mediterranean
Third Punic War (149–146 B.C.E.): Carthage obliterated
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Conquest of the Hellenistic World
Greece becomes effectively a Roman protectorate; Rome aids Greece against Macedonians & SeleucidsMacedonian Wars end with Rome breaking Macedon up into four separate republics, 168 B.C.E.Barbarians of Iberian peninsula eventually pacified; Carthage destroyedLeaves Rome with six provinces: Sicily, Sardinia-Corsica, Macedonia, Hither Spain, Further Spain
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Civilization of the Early Roman Republic
Greek culture highly influential, despite Roman prejudice toward Greeks
Roman gods identified with Greek equivalents
Education: Greeks introduce humanitas: language, literature, philosophy; broad intellectual training vs. vocational training
Slaves: derived commonly from POWs; used for domestic service, mining, trades; could have families, sometimes buy freedom
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Roman Imperialism: The Late Republic
Aftermath of conquest: family farms, devastated by war, gradually replaced by large estates with tenant farmers or slaves; increasing gap between rich & poorThe Gracchi
Tiberius Gracchus: became tribune in 133 B.C.E. on program of land reform; threatened power of Senate by appeals to the assembly; eventually killed; politics hereafter have higher stakesGaius Gracchus (brother): tribune, 123–122 B.C.E.; further reforms, appeals to broad range of groups (equestrians); tried & executed
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Late Republic (cont.)Marius: elected consul and sent to end Jugurthine War in Africa; political newcomerSulla: subordinate of Marius who trapped Jugurtha, ending war; embittered when credit went to MariusMarius & Sulla struggle for power in Rome; civil war leaves Sulla as dictator
Sulla uses power to massacre opponentsReforms government, neutering the office of tribuneImproves courts & legal system
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Fall of the RepublicRepublic undermined by special appointments giving extralegal powers to certain peoplePompey: enormously successful & popular general given wide powers in Spain, then AsiaCrassus: given command of most of Italy to put down slave rebellion led by SpartacusJulius Caesar (100–44 B.C.E.): as young politician, allied with Crassus to build military command & followingFirst Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, & Caesar, despite few commonalities, united in opposition to Senate
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Julius CaesarElected consul, 59 B.C.E., enacting triumvirs’ programs:
Caesar: 5-year governorship of Illyricum & GaulPompey: land bill settling up with his veteransCrassus: tax breaks for his equestrian allies
Caesar conquers Gaul, Pompey seizes power in his absence49 B.C.E.: Caesar told to give up his command, but “crosses the Rubicon”Ensuing civil war lasts until 45 B.C.E.; Caesar appointed “dictator for life”March 15, 44 B.C.E.: Caesar assassinated by senatorial conspiracy led by Cassius & Brutus13 more years of civil war follow
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
OctavianCaesar named grand-nephew Gaius Octavius (63–14 B.C.E.) his successor; comes to be called OctavianSecond Triumvirate, 43 B.C.E.: Octavian, Mark Antony, and Aemilius Lepidus—took control of Rome and given near-dictatorial powers
Octavian gets West: becomes associated with order, justice, virtue (lauded by poets Vergil & Horace)Antony gets East: joins with Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, in AlexandriaLepidus gets Africa: fades quickly
Antony and Octavian fall out, conflict becomes Rome vs. AlexandriaBattle of Actium, 31 B.C.E.: Octavian’s forces victorious, Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide; Octavian master of Mediterranean world
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.