Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution
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Transcript of Chapter 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution
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C H E M I S T R Y
Chapter 4Chapter 4Reactions in Aqueous SolutionReactions in Aqueous Solution
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Naming Chemical Naming Chemical CompoundsCompounds
Binary Acids
Hydrogen + nonmetal (no oxygen)
Naming: Hydro+root of lement+ic acid ending
HCl hydrochloric acid
HBr hydrobromic acid
HF hydrofluoric acid
*Exception: HCN – hydrocyanic acid
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Naming Chemical Naming Chemical CompoundsCompounds
“ate”“ic”
“ite”“ous”
Polyatomic anion No hydro- prefixRoot of polyatomic anion + ous acid endingOr ic acid ending
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ExamplesExamplesName the following acids
A.H2S
B.H2CO3
C.HBrO3
D.H3PO3
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Some Ways That Chemical Some Ways That Chemical Reactions OccurReactions Occur
Precipitation Reactions: Processes in which soluble reactants yield an insoluble solid product that falls out of solution.
NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)
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Some Ways That Chemical Some Ways That Chemical Reactions OccurReactions Occur
Acid-Base Neutralization Reactions: Processes in which an acid reacts with a base to yield water plus a salt.
H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
Acid + Base Water + Salt
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Some Ways That Chemical Some Ways That Chemical Reactions OccurReactions Occur
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions: Processes in which one or more electrons are transferred between reaction partners (atoms, molecules, or ions).
MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)
Element + Compound Compound + Element
Neutral state: (s), (l), (g)
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ElectrolytesElectrolytes
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Electrolytes in Aqueous Electrolytes in Aqueous SolutionSolution
Weak Electrolytes: Compounds that dissociate to a small extent into ions when dissolved in water.
H1+(aq) + CH3CO21-(aq)CH3CO2H(aq)
Strong Electrolytes: Compounds that dissociate to a large extent into ions when dissolved in water.
K1+(aq) + Cl1-(aq)KCl(aq)
Nonelectrolytes: Substances which do not produce ions in aqueous solutions.
H2OC12H22O11(aq)C12H22O11(s)
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Electrolytes in Aqueous Electrolytes in Aqueous SolutionSolution
Strong Acids: hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid.
Memorize these acids
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Electrolytes in Aqueous Electrolytes in Aqueous SolutionSolution
Ionic Compounds
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Electrolytes in Aqueous Electrolytes in Aqueous SolutionSolution
Weak acids
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Electrolytes in Aqueous Electrolytes in Aqueous SolutionSolution
Molecular Compounds(other than any strong or weak electrolytes)
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Aqueous Reactions and Net Aqueous Reactions and Net Ionic EquationsIonic Equations
Molecular Equation: All substances in the chemical equation are written using their complete formulas as if they were molecules.
strong electrolytesindicated as (aq)soluble
Precipitateinsoluble
NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)
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Aqueous Reactions and Net Aqueous Reactions and Net Ionic EquationsIonic Equations
Ionic Equation: All of the strong electrolytes are written as ions.
Na1+(aq) + NO31- (aq) + AgCl(s)
NaNO3(aq)
AgNO3(aq) NaCl(aq)
Ag2+(aq) + NO31- (aq) + Na1+(aq) + Cl1-(aq)
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Aqueous Reactions and Net Aqueous Reactions and Net Ionic EquationsIonic Equations
Spectator Ions: Ions that undergo no change during the reaction and appear on both sides of the reaction arrow.
Na1+(aq) + NO31- (aq) + AgCl(s)
Ag2+(aq) + NO31- (aq) + Na1+(aq) + Cl1-(aq)
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Aqueous Reactions and Net Aqueous Reactions and Net Ionic EquationsIonic Equations
AgCl2(s)Ag+(aq) + Cl1-(aq)
Net Ionic Equation: Only the ions undergoing change are shown.
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Precipitation Reactions and Precipitation Reactions and Solubility GuidelinesSolubility Guidelines
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Precipitation Reactions and Precipitation Reactions and Solubility GuidelinesSolubility Guidelines
Write the chemical formulas of the products (use proper ionic rules).
CB + ADAB + CD
double replacement reaction
*Remember that metal cation does not bond to another metal cation
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Precipitation Reactions and Precipitation Reactions and Solubility GuidelinesSolubility Guidelines
Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of Iron(III) nitrate and Sodium Hydroxide are mixed.
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ExampleExample Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic
equations for the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of PbCl2 and Na2SO4 are mixed
Aqueous solution of Mg(NO3)2 and NH4OH
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Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Acids, Bases, and Neutralization ReactionsReactions
H3O1+(aq) + Cl1-(aq)HCl(aq) + H2O(aq)
Acid (Arrhenius): A substance that dissociates in water to produce hydrogen ions, H1+:
H1+(aq) + A1-(aq)HA(aq)
In water, acids produce hydronium ions, H3O1+:
H1+(aq) + Cl1-(aq)HCl(aq)
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Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Acids, Bases, and Neutralization ReactionsReactions
Ammonia, commonly called “ammonium hydroxide” is a base:
M1+(aq) + OH1-(aq)MOH(aq)
Na1+(aq) + OH1-(aq)NaOH(aq)
NH41+(aq) + OH1-(aq)NH3(aq) + H2O(aq)
Base (Arrhenius): A substance that dissociates in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH1-:
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Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Acids, Bases, and Neutralization ReactionsReactions
Weak acids and weak bases are weak electrolytes.
Strong acids and strong bases are strong electrolytes.
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Acids, Bases, and Acids, Bases, and Neutralization ReactionsNeutralization Reactions
MA + H2OHA + MOH
These acid-base neutralization reactions are double-replacement reactions just like the precipitation reactions:
or
MA + HOHHA + MOH
WaterAcid Base Salt
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Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Acids, Bases, and Neutralization ReactionsReactions
•Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for the reaction of aqueous H2SO4 and aqueous KOH
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Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Acids, Bases, and Neutralization ReactionsReactions
Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for the reaction of aqueous NaOH and aqueous HF.
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ExamplesExamplesPredict the product and write a
molecular equation, ionic equation and net ionic equation for the following reactions◦K2CO3(aq) + CuCl2(aq)
◦HNO3(aq) + LiOH(aq)
◦H2SO3(aq) + NaOH