Chapter 4 Preparers & References -...

Upper Greenbrier North Corrected EA August 2012

Corrected EA, Chapter 4, of 34

Chapter 4 – Preparers & References

4.1. US Forest Service Personnel Who Prepared or Contributed to

this EA

Tim Brake, Cartographic Technician, Monongahela NF B.A. Biology & Environmental Science, Davis & Elkins, 1998 Professional & technical experience in GIS & Environmental Analysis since 1998 Role in UGN: GIS manager and map maker

John A. Calabrese, Heritage Resource Program Manager, Monongahela NF B.A. in Latin American Studies, University of Chicago, 1991 M.A. in Anthropology, University of Kentucky, 1993 PhD in Archaeology, University of the Witwatersrand, 2005 Professional experience as an Archeologist since 1993 Role in UGN: Heritage analysis

Thomas (Greg) Coberly, Civil Engineering Technician, Transportation Planning, Monongahela NF Glenville State College Forest Road Layout and Surveying on the Monongahela NF since 1979 Role in UGN: Transportation system planning to provide access; road layout and design

Stephanie J. Connolly, Forest Soil Scientist & Range Program Manager, Monongahela NF B.S. in Agronomy, WVU, 1994 M.S. in Agronomy with emphasis in Soil Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1998 Professional experience NRCS 1999-2001; USFS Forest Soil Scientist since 2001 Role in UGN: Forest Soil Scientist and Range Program Manager

Jacob S. D'Angelo, Forest Transportation Planner, Monongahela NF B.S. in Civil Engineering, West Virginia University, 2001 M.S. in Civil Engineering, Transportation, West Virginia University, 2001 Professional experience as a Civil Engineer since 2001 Role in UGN: Transportation system planning to provide access; road layout and design

William Dunk, Greenbrier District Ranger, Monongahela NF B.S. in Zoology, Southern Illinois University, 1991 M.S. in Forestry (Outdoor Recreation Resources Management), Southern Illinois University, 1995 Professional experience in planning/research and natural resources management 1994-present Role in UGN: Line Officer and decision maker

David Ede, Forest Planner, Monongahela NF B.A. in English, Indiana University, 1973 32 years professional experience in Vegetation Mgmt, Fire, Recreation, NEPA Documentation, Planning Role in UGN: NEPA advice and revier, Inventoried Roadless Area input



Barry Edgerton, Forest Hydrologist, Monongahela NF B.S. in Forest Management, The Pennsylvania State University, 1969 M.S. in Forest Hydrology, The Pennsylvania State University, 1974 Professional experience: PSU 1974-1977; US Forest Service, Forest Hydrologist 1977-present Role in UGN: Hydrologist and Aquatic Resource ID Team Member

Shane Jones, Greenbrier Ranger District Wildlife biologist, Monongahela NF B.S. in Biology, Muskingum College, 1992 Professional experience as endangered species biologist, wildlife biologist, and fish biologist since 1994 Role in UGN: Wildlife biology

Kent Karriker, Ecologist, Monongahela NF B.S. in Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, North Carolina State University, 1990 M.S. in Wildlife Biology, North Carolina State University, 1993 Professional & technical experience as Ecologist, Wildlife Biologist, Project Mgr., & Sr. Scientist since 1993 Role in UGN: Landscape ecology; threatened, endangered, and sensitive plants; nonnative invasive plants

Jeff Kochenderfer, Silviculturist, Monongahela NF B.S. in Forest Management, West Virginia University, 1997 M.S. in Forest Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute/State University, 1999 Professional experience as Service Forester, Prescriptionist, Silviculturist since 1999 Role in UGN: Silviculturist, ID and prescriptions for potential vegetation treatment units

Mike Owen, Forest Aquatic Ecologist/Watershed Program Manager, Monongahela NF

A.S. in Natural Resources Management, Volunteer State Community College

B.S. in Wildlife and Fisheries Management, University of Tennessee, 1985

2 years post-graduate study in Fisheries Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Professional experience in aquatic ecology, fisheries, and watershed resources management since 1991 Role in UGN: Aquatic Ecologist, consultant to core IDT Hydrologist

Ron Polgar, Biological Technician (plants), Monongahela NF B.S. in Forest Land Management, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1968 Studying Appalachian Flora since 1975 Role in UGN: Botanical surveys, botany data management

Joseph Rozich, (Retired) Lands Program Manager, Monongahela NF

B.S. in Forestry; Forest Game Ecology, Michigan Technological University, 1974 34 years experience in Timber and Other Resources Management, Silviculture, GIS, and Lands Role in UGN: Lands

Eric Sandeno, Forest Recreation/Wilderness Program Manager, Monongahela NF B.S. in Forest Recreation Resources, Oregon State University, 1992 Professional & tech exp Recreation, Trails, Wilderness, Roadless Areas, visuals, accessibility since 1990. Role in UGN: Recreation and Trails input

Kevin Taylor, Assistant Forest Fire Management Officer, Silviculturist, Monongahela NF B.S. in Forest Management, University of Kentucky, 2001 Professional experience as Forester, Silviculturist since 1999 Role in UGN: Silviculturist, Fire Management Officer



Kristine Vollmer, North Zone NEPA Coordinator, Monongahela NF B.S. in Ecology & Population Biology, Purdue University, 1982 M.P.A. in Public Administration, emphasis in Natural Resources, Boise State University, 1996 Professional & technical experience in Fisheries, Wildlife, Hydrology, & Environmental Analysis since 1983 Role in UGN: NEPA Coordinator, ID Team Leader, Writer & Editor

Carol Whetsell, Lands Program Manager, Monongahela NF B.S. Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 1985 Professional experience as Forester, Recreation Manager, and Lands Manager since 1986 Role in UGN: Lands Program

Will Wilson, Minerals Administrator, Monongahela NF A.A. Arts and Science, Potomac State College, 1985 B.S. Secondary Education, West Virginia University, 1988 B.S. Geology, West Virginia University, 1989 Professional and technical experience in minerals since 1992 Role in UGN: Minerals Specialist



4.2. Agencies and Persons Consulted

This section provides a listing of the local, state, and federal agencies that were sent information

about the proposed project. Additional information is in the project file.

Federal Government

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service

USDA State and Private Forestry

USDA Northern Research Station

US Army Engineer Research & Development, Environmental Lab, Ecological Research

Branch

State of West Virginia

West Virginia Division of Natural Resources

West Virginia Division of Forestry

Governor’s Office of Economic and Commercial Development

Deputy Adm. Forester – State Capitol

WV Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water & Waste Management

West Virginia University

Marshall University

Counties and Local Governments

Pocahontas County Commission

Marlinton Chamber of Commerce

Greenbrier Chamber of Commerce

Greenbrier Valley Conservation District, West Virginia Conservation Agency

Greenbrier County Planning Commission

Interested Parties

Just over 180 individuals, businesses, and organizations, including those on the Monongahela

National Forest mailing list and adjacent landowners, were sent or received initial scoping

information on the UGN proposal (these lists are contained in the project file). This package

included the purpose and need for taking action, the proposed action, and information on how to

provide input and request additional information. The UGN proposal has also been included in

the Schedule of Proposed Actions (SOPA), which is mailed quarterly to over 140 individuals.



4.3. Literature Cited & References Used - By Chapter and Resource

Chapter 1. Purpose and Need for Action

Millar, Constance, Nathan Stephenson, and Scott Stephens. 2007. Climate Change and Forests

of the Future: Managing in the face of Uncertainty. Ecological Applications, 17(8)2145-

2151. http://www.esajournals.org/archive/1051-0761/17/8/pdf/i1051-0761-17-8-

2145.pdf

Monongahela National Forest. 2006a (as updated in 2011). Land and Resource Management

Plan. USDA Forest Service, Region 9, Elkins, WV. (also known as Forest Plan)

Monongahela National Forest. 2006b (July). Final Environmental Impact Statement t for Land

and Resource Management Plan. USDA Forest Service, Region 9, Elkins, WV. (also

known as FEIS)

Monongahela National Forest. 2006c (July). Record of Decision for Environmental Impact

Statement for Land and Resource Management Plan. USDA Forest Service, Region 9,

Elkins, WV. (also known as ROD)

Monongahela National Forest. 1986. Land and Resource Management Plan. USDA Forest

Service, Region 9, Elkins, WV. (also known as 1986 or previous Forest Plan)

Monongahela National Forest. 2007. Upper Greenbrier Watershed Assessment for the East and

West Forks of the Greenbrier River. USDA Forest Service, Region 9, Elkins, WV.

National Forest Management Act (NFMA).

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2011. Re-listing of the West Virginia northern flying squirrel

under the Endangered Species Act.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1998 (September). Climate Change and West

Virginia. Office of Policy, EPA 236-F-98-007.

Widmann, Richard H., and Douglas M. Griffith. 2004. Forest Resource Statistics for the

Monongahela National Forest: 2000. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research

Station, Newtown Square PA. Resource Bulletin NE-161.

40 CFR 1502.20

Chapter 2. Alternatives

Biebighauser, Thomas R. 2007. Wetland Drainage, Restoration, and Repair.

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Endangered Species Act.

GIS data files and GPS measurements from the field. Filed in various Forest and District files.

Monongahela Schedule of Proposed Actions (SOPA).

Monongahela National Forest. 2012 (February 13). Environmental Assessment, Decision

Notice, and Finding of No Significant Impact for Island Campground. USDA Forest

Service, Region 9. Elkins, WV.

Monongahela National Forest. 2011. Upper Greenbrier North Draft Environmental Assessment.

USDA Forest Service, Region 9, Elkins, WV.

Monongahela National Forest. 2009. Inspection of bridges at Island Campground. USDA

Forest Service, Region 9. Elkins, WV.

Monongahela National Forest. 2008. Recreation Facilities Analysis. USDA Forest Service,

Region 9. Elkins, WV.

Monongahela National Forest. 2006 (July, as updated in 2011). Land and Resource

Management Plan. USDA Forest Service, Region 9, Elkins, WV. (also known as Forest

Plan).

Monongahela National Forest. Soil Monitoring Report for Desert Branch Timber EA and Upper

Williams EA.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).

SERA Assessments for Proposed Herbicides.

Surveys for wildlife, botany, aquatics, vegetation, roads, trails, recreation sites, heritage,

silviculture, etc. In Forest and District files.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2008 (September). Removal of the West Virginia Northern

Flying Squirrel under the Endangered Species Act.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006 (July). Biological Opinion for the 2006 Forest Plan

Revision, Monongahela National Forest. Unpublished Report prepared by the West

Virginia Field Office. Elkins, WV. 80 pp. and appendices.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001. WVNFS Recovery Plan Update.

West Virginia. Best Management Practices for Timber.

49 CFR 1508.25



Individuals and organizations who contacted us about the UGN proposal in the form of letters, e-

mails, or phone calls (in project file).

Chapter 3. Affected Environment and Environmental Effects

Air Quality

Clean Air Act

Edwards, P. J., F. Wood, and J. N. Kochenderfer. 1991. Characterization of Ozone During

Consecutive Drought and Wet Years at a Rural West Virginia Site. J. Air Waste Manage.

Assoc. Pp. 1450-1453.

Edwards, P. J., C. Huber, and F. Wood. 2004. Ozone exposures and implications for vegetation

in rural areas of the central Appalachian Mountains, USA. Env. Monitor. Assessment

98:157-174.

Jackson, W. A., and L. Arbucci. 1989. Ozone symptoms were present on bioindicator plants at

the Otter Creek Wilderness and Dolly Sods Wilderness, Monongahela National Forest,

1989. USDA Forest Service, Forest Pest Management, Morgantown, WV. Unpublished

Report.

Lavdas, Leonidas G. 1996. Program VSMOKE--Users Manual. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-6.

Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station.

156 pp.

Lefohn, A. S., P. J. Edwards, and M. B. Adams. 1994. The characterization of ozone exposures

in rural West Virginia and Virginia. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 44:1276-1283.

Monongahela National Forest. Monitoring from the Chestnut Ridge prescribed burn.

PMS-420-2, Smoke Management Guide for Prescribed and Wildland Fire, 2001 Edition

Southern Forestry Smoke Management Guidebook.

SFFLS. 1976.

U.S. EPA Air Quality web pages: http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/greenbk/ ;

http://www.epa.gov/particles/fs20061006.html

U.S. EPA. Air Quality Index, a color-coded health index.

http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/greenbk/

http://www.epa.gov/particles/fs20061006.html



Aquatic & Riparian Resources

Boggs, Johnny L., and Steven G. McNulty. 2009. Changes in canopy cover alter surface air and

forest floor temperature in a high-elevation red spruce (Picea rubens sarg.) forest. In:

Proceedings from the Conference on the Ecology and Management of High-Elevation

Forests in the Central and Southern Appalachian Mountains. GTR-NRS-P-64.

Bjornn, T. C., and D. W. Reiser. 1991. Habitat Requirements of Salmonids in Streams. In:

Influences of Forest Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and Their Habitats.

William R. Meehan, Editor. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19:83-138.

(hard copy in Aquatic Ecologist’s files)

Clayton, Janet. 2004. Personal communication with Tom Cain, Fisheries Biologist,

Monongahela National Forest. 1 p.

Dolloff, C. Andrew. 1996. Large woody debris, fish habitat, and historical land use. In:

McMinn, James W., and D. A. Crossley, Jr., eds. Biodiversity and coarse woody debris in

southern forests, proceedings of the workshop on coarse woody debris in southern forests:

effects on biodiversity; 1993 October 18-20; Anthens, GA. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-94.

Asheville, NC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research

Station. 146 pp.

Duffield, Daniel. 1999. Personal communication.

Duncan, S. H., R. E. Bilby, J. W. Ward, and J. T. Heffner. 1987 (February). Transport of Road-

surface Sediment Through Ephemeral Stream Channels. Water Resources Bulletin

23(1):113-119.

Edwards, Pamela. 2002. Personal communication.

Edwards, Pamela J., Thomas C. Cain, and Charles J. Gagen. 2007. Using multiple fine-

sediment size classes to evaluate the condition of trout spawning habitat. In: Furniss, M.,

C. Clifton, and K. Ronnenberg, eds., 2007. Advancing the Fundamental Sciences:

Proceedings of the Forest Service National Earth Sciences Conference, San Diego, CA, 18-

22 October 2004. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-689, Portland, OR. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. pp. 94-101.

Fink, David B. 2008. Artificial shading and stream temperature modeling for watershed

restoration and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) management. Master Thesis. James

Madison University. 37 pp.

Flebbe, Patricia A., and C. Andrew Dolloff. 1995. Trout Use of Woody Debris and Habitat in

Appalachian Wilderness Streams of North Carolina. North American Journal of Fisheries

Management 15:579-590. American Fisheries Society.



Grant, Christopher J. 2005. Relationships between riparian buffers and summer stream

temperatures. Master Thesis. The Pennsylvania State University. 99 pp.

Hakala, James Philip. 2000. Factors influencing brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) abundance

in forested headwater streams with emphasis on fine sediment. Master Thesis. West

Virginia University, Morgantown. 166 pp.

Hicks, B. J., J. D. Hall, P. A. Bisson, and J. R. Sedell. 1991. Responses of Salmonids to Habitat

Changes. In: Influences of Forest Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and Their

Habitats. William R. Meehan, Editor. American Fisheries Society Special Publication

19:483-517.

Kaller, Michael D. 2001. Effects of sediment upon benthic macroinvertebrates in forested

northern Appalachian streams. Master Thesis. West Virginia University, Morgantown.

157 pp.

Kennedy, Richard. 1997 (September – December). Road Maintenance Frequency vs. Sediment

Production. Engineering Field Notes 29:11-15. USDA Forest Service, Washington D.C.

Logan, Marisa. 2003. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) movement and habitat use in a

headwater stream in the central Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia. Master Thesis.

West Virginia University, Morgantown. 64 pp.

Raleigh, R. F. 1982. Habitat suitability index models: brook trout. U.S. Department of the

Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS/10.24.

Smidt, Mathew F., and Randall K. Kolka. 2001. Alternative Skid Trail Retirement Options for

Steep Terrain Logging. In: Appalachian Hardwoods: Managing Change, edited by

Jingxin Wang, Michelle Wolford, and Joe McNeel. Proceedings of the 24th

Annual

Meeting, The Council on Forest Engineering. Snowshoe, West Virginia. July 15-19,

2001. Pp. 13-17.

Stauffer, Jr., Jay R., Jefferey M. Boltz, and Laura R. White. 1995. The Fishes of West Virginia.

Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

146:1-389. (hard copy in Aquatic Ecologist’s files)

Stringer, Jeff. 2004 (Spring). Cost of Retiring Skid Trails and Haul Roads. The Kentucky

Logjam 8(3). 4 pp.

Sweka, John. 1999. Effects of turbidity on the foraging of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Master Thesis. West Virginia University,

Morgantown. 102 pp.

Swift, Jr., L. W. 1984. Gravel and Grass Surfacing Reduces Soil Loss from Mountain Roads.

Forest Sci. 30(3):657-670.



Trieu, P. L. 1999. Excerpts from M.S. Thesis, Assessment of Physicochemical and Biological

Effects of Two Types of Road Surface on Adjacent Streams. The Pennsylvania State

University. xi + 102 pp.

Trumbo, Brad, M. Hudy, E. P. Smith, D. Kim, B. A. Wiggins, K. H. Nislow, and C. A. Dolloff.

2010 (in draft). Sensitivity and vulnerability of brook trout to climate change. 8 pp.

United States Forest Service. 2007. Upper Greenbrier watershed assessment for the East and

West Forks of the Greenbrier River watershed. Greenbrier Ranger District, Monongahela

National Forest. 171 pp.

Wallace, J. Bruce, Jack W. Grubaugh, and Matt R. Whiles. 1996. Influences of coarse woody

debris on stream habitats and invertebrate biodiveristy. In: McMinn, James W., and D. A.

Crossley, Jr., eds. Biodiversity and coarse woody debris in southern forests; Proceedings

of the workshop on coarse woody debris in southern forests: effects on biodiversity; 1993

October 18-20; Athens, GA. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-94. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 146 pp.

Waters, Thomas F. 1995. Sediment in Streams: Sources, Biological Effects and Control.

American Fisheries Society Monograph 7.

Welsh, Stuart A., and Daniel A. Cincotta. 2007. Final report - Fishes of the Monongahela

National Forest and related research on sampling methods, species abundance, and

nonnative fishes. 227 pp.

West Virginia Heritage Database.

Economics

Appalachian Hardwood Center. 2010. West Virginia Timber Market Report. Stumpage

Estimates 2nd Quarter 2010.

Forest Service Handbook 1909.17, Chapters 10, 20, and 30.

Monongahela National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan. 2006. USDA Forest

Service, Elkins, WV.

Monongahela National Forest. 2004. Management Modeling Costs.

Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act of 1960.

National Forest Management Act of 1976.

Vasievich, Mike, Mike Retziaff, and Doug Smith. 2000. Quick-Silver User Guide, Version 5,

USDA Forest Service.



Widmann, R. H., and D. M. Griffith. 2004. Forest Resource Statistics for the Monongahela

National Forest: 2000. Resour. Bull. NE-161. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern

Research Station, Newtown Square, PA. 46 pp.

Environmental Justice

Quickfacts.census.gov;qfd/states website. 2008. Data for Pocahontas County and West

Virginia.

Executive Order 12898.

Herbicides

Battaglin, W. A., E. T. Furlong, and M. R. Burkhardt. 2001. Concentration of Selected

Sulfonylurea, Sulfonamide, and Imidazolinone Herbicides, Other Pesticides, and Nutrients

in 71 Streams, 5 Reservoir Outflows, and 25 Wells in the Midwestern United States, 1998.

U.S. Geological Survey. Water-Resources Investigations Report 00–4225. Denver,

Colorado. 131 pp.

Boutsalis, P., and S. B. Powles. 1995. Inheritance and mechanism of resistance to herbicides

inhibiting acetolactate synthase in Sonchus oleraceus L. Theor Appl Genet 91:242-247.

Burnet, Michael W. M., Quentin Hart, Joseph A. M. Holtum, and Stephen B. Powles. 1994.

Resistance to Nine Herbicide Classes in a Population of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum).

Weed Science 42(3):369-377.

Coffman, C. Benjamin, J. Ray Frank, and William E. Potts. 1993. Crop Responses to

Hexazinone, Imazapyr, Tebuthiuron, and Triclopyr. Weed Technology 7(1):140-145.

Cox, Caroline. 1996. Imazapyr – Herbicide Factsheet. Journal of Pesticide Reform 16(3):16-

20.

Cox, Caroline. 2002. Sulfometuron Methyl (Oust) – Herbicide Factsheet. Journal of Pesticide

Reform 22(4):15-20.

DuPont. 2006. DuPont Oust XP Herbicide Label. E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company,

Wilmington, Delaware. 16 pp.

Durkin, Patrick, and Mark Follansbee. 2004. Imazapyr – Human Health and Ecological Risk

Assessment – Final Report. Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc.,

Fayetteville, NY. Prepared for USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection. 149 pp.

Eberlein, Charlotte V., and Mary J. Guttieri. 1994. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Response to

Simulated Drift of Imidazolinone Herbicides. Weed Science 42(1):70-75.

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947.



Fletcher, John S., Thomas 0. Pfleeger, and Hilman C. Ratsch. 1993. Potential Environmental

Risks Associated with the New Sulfonylurea Herbicides. Environ. Sci. Techno.

27(10):2250-2252.

Fletcher, John S., Thomas G. Pfleeger, and Hilman C. Ratsch. 1995. Chlorsulfuron influence on

garden pea reproduction. Physiologia Plantarum 94:261-267.

Fletcher, John S., Thomas G. Pfleeger, Hilman C. Ratsch, and Robert Hayes. 1996. Potential

Impact of Low Levels of Chlorsulfuron and Other Herbicides on Growth and Yield of

Nontarget Plants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15(7):1189-1196.

FSH 2109.14-Pesticide Use Management.

Heering, David C., and Thomas F. Peeper. 1991. Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)

Control in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) with Herbicides. Weed Technology

5(2):411-415.

Horsley, S. B. 1981. Control of herbaceous weeds in Allegheny hardwood forests with

herbicides. Weed Sci. 29:655-662.

Horsley S. B. 1982. Development of Reproduction in Allegheny hardwood stands after

herbicide-clearcuts and herbicide-shelterwood cuts. Res. Note NE-308.

Horsley, S. B. 1988. Control of understory vegetation in Allegheny hardwood stands with Oust.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:261-262.

Horsley, S. B. 1991. Using Roundup and Oust to control interfering understories in Allegheny

hardwood stands. Pp. 281-290 in Proc., 8th

Central Hardwood Forest Conf. USDA For.

Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-148. 605 pp.

Horsley, S. B. 2003. Using Broadcast Application of Herbicides to control interfering

understory vegetation. Silvoak Training Session. Elkins, WV.

Horsley, S. B., and J. C. Bjorkbom. 1983. Herbicide treatment of striped maple and beech in

Allegheny hardwood stands. For. Sci. 29:103-112.

Klotzbach, Julie, and Patrick Durkin. 2004. Sulfometuron Methyl - Human Health and

Ecological Risk Assessment – Final Report. Syracuse Environmental Research Associates,

Inc., Fayetteville, NY. Prepared for USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection. 163

pp.

Kochenderfer, J. D., J. N. Kochenderfer, D. A. Warner, and G. M. Miller. 2004. Preharvest

manual herbicide treatments for controlling American beech in central West Virginia.

North. J. Appl. For. 21: 40-49.



Kochenderfer, J. D., S. M. Zedaker, J. E. Johnson, D. Wm. Smith, and G. M. Miller. 2001.

Herbicide hardwood crop tree release in central West Virginia. North. J. Appl. For.

18:46-54.

Landstein, Dorit, Shoshana (Malis) Arad, Ze’ev Barak, and David M. Chipman. 1993.

Relationships among the herbicide and functional sites of acetohydroxy acid synthase from

Chlorella emersonii. Planta 191:1-6.

Marquis, D. A., R. L. Ernst, and S. L. Stout. 1992. Prescribing Silvicultural Treatments in

Hardwood Stands of the Alleghenies. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Report NE-96.

101 pp.

McNabb, Ken. 1997. Environmental safety of forestry herbicides. AL. Ext. Pub. ANR-846.

Michael, Jerry L., and Daniel G. Neary. 1993. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

12:405-410.

NFMA (40 CFR Part 1502.22).

Primiani, Michael M., Josephine C. Cotterman, and Leonard L. Saari. 1990. Resistance of

Kochia (Kochia scoparia) to Sulfonylurea and Imidazolinone Herbicides. Weed

Technology 4(1):169-172.

Rashin, Ed, and Craig Graber. 1993. Effectiveness of Best Management Practices for Aerial

Application of Forest Pesticides. Ecology Publication No. 93-81. Washington State

Department of Ecology, Environmental Investigations and Laboratory Services Program,

Watershed Assessment Section, Olympia, WA. 137pp.

Saari, L. L., J. C. Cotterman, W. F. Smith, and M. M. Primiani. 1992. Sulfonylurea Herbicide

Resistance in Common Chickweed, Perennial Ryegrass, and Russian Thistle. Pesticide

Biochemistry and Physiology 42:110-118.

Sathasivan, Kanagasabapathi, George W. Haughn, and Norimoto Murai. 1991. Molecular Basis

of Imidazolinone Herbicide Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana var Columbia. Plant

Physiol. 97:1044-1050.

Vizantinopoulos, S., and P. Lolos. 1994. Persistence and Leaching of the Herbicide Imazapyr in

Soil. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52:404-410.

Wehtje, Glenn, Ray Dickens, John W. Wilcut, and Ben F. Hajek. 1987. Sorption and Mobility

of Sulfometuron and Imazapyr in Five Alabama Soils. Weed Science 35(6):858-864.

West Virginia Pesticide Control Act of 1990

WSSA. 2002. Herbicide Handbook. 8th ed. Vencill, W.K. (ed.). WSSA, Lawrence, KS. 493

pp.



Heritage

Antiquities Act of 1906 (16 USC 431-433).

Archaeological and Historic Conservation Act of 1974 (16 USC 469).

Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (16 USC 470).

Carbone, Victor A. 1976. Environment and Prehistory in the Shenandoah Valley. Unpublished

PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The Catholic University of America,

Washington, D.C.

Clarkson, Roy B. 1964. Tumult on the Mountain: Lumbering in West Virginia, 1770-1920.

Parsons: McClain Printing Company.

Davis, M.B. 1983. Holocene Vegetational Historic of the Eastern United States. In: Late

Quaternary Environments of the United States, Volume II: The Holocene. H.E. Wright,

ed., pp. 166-181. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Davis, R. Stephen. 1978. A Cultural Resource Overview of the Monongahela National Forest,

West Virginia. Elkins, WV: Monongahela National Forest.

Executive Order 11593.

Fansler, Homer Floyd. 1962. Historic of Tucker County, West Virginia. Parsons: McClain

Printing Company.

FSM 2361.

Historic Sites Act of 1935 (16 USC 461-467).

National Environmental Policy Act (42 USC 4321-4347).

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (16 USC 470).

Reed, Mary Beth. 2004. Historic Property Management Plan, Monongahela National Forest,

West Virginia. Prepared by New South Associates, Stone Mountain, Georgia.

U.S.D.A. Forest Service – Monongahela National Forest, Eastern Region – West Virginia

Division of Culture and History; and Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. 2009.

Programmatic Agreement Among the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Monongahela National

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