Chapter 4 Police

7/28/2019 Chapter 4 Police

1/10

CHAPTER 3 POLICE

Police are agents or agencies empowered to use force and otherforms of coercion and legal means to effect public and social order. The termis most commonly associated with police departments of a state that areauthorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal orterritorial area of responsibility. The word comes from the Latinpolitia (civiladministration), which itself derives from the Ancient Greek , forpolis("city").[1] The first police force comparable to the present-day police wasestablished in 1667 under King Louis XIV in France, although modern policeusually trace their origins to the 1800 establishment of the Marine Police inLondon, the Glasgow Police, and the Napoleonicpolice of Paris.

The first modern police force is also commonly said to be the LondonMetropolitan Police, established in 1829, which promoted the preventive roleof police as a deterrent to urban crime and disorder.[5] The notion that policeare primarily concerned with enforcing criminal law was popularized in the1930s with the rise of the Federal Bureau of Investigation as the pre-eminent "law enforcement agency" in the United States; this however hasonly ever constituted a small portion of policing activity.[6] Policing hasincluded an array of activities in different contexts, but the predominantones are concerned with order maintenance and the provision of services.[7]

Alternative names for police force include constabulary, gendarmerie, police

department, police service, or law enforcement agency, and members canbe police officers, constables, troopers, sheriffs, rangers, or peace officers.

History

Pre-modern Europe

In Ancient Greece, publicly-owned slaves were used by magistrates as

police. In Athens, a group of 300 Scythian slaves was used to guard publicmeetings to keep order and for crowd control, and also assisted with dealingwith criminals, manhandling prisoners, and making arrests. Other dutiesassociated with modern policing, such as investigating crimes, was left tothe citizens themselves.[8] The Roman Empire had a reasonably effective lawenforcement system until the decline of the empire, though there was neveran actual police force in the city of Rome. When under the reign of Augustusthe capital had grown to almost one million inhabitants, he created 14
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#_note-0%23_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Police_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Glasgow_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_of_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#_note-4%23_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#_note-5%23_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#_note-6%23_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeriehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#_note-7%23_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#_note-0%23_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Police_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Glasgow_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_of_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#_note-4%23_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#_note-5%23_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#_note-6%23_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeriehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#_note-7%23_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus


2/10

wards, which were protected by seven squads of 1,000 men. If necessary,they might have called the Praetorian Guard for assistance. Beginning in the5th century, policing became a function of clan chiefs and heads of state.

The Anglo-Saxon system of maintaining public order was a private

system of tithings, since the Norman conquest lead by a constable, whichwas based on a social obligation for the good conduct of the others; morecommon was that local lords and nobles were responsible to maintain orderin their lands, and often appointed a constable, sometimes unpaid, toenforce the law.

The invention of "police"

In Western culture, the contemporary concept of a police paid by thegovernment was developed by French legal scholars and practitioners in the17th century and early 18th century, notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traitde la Police ("Treatise of the Police", published between 1705 and 1738).The German Polizeiwissenschaft (Science of Police) was also an importanttheoretical formulation of police.

The first police force in the modern sense was created by thegovernment of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then thelargest city of Europe and considered the most dangerous European city. Theroyal edict, registered by the Parlementof Paris on March 15, 1667 created

the office oflieutenant gnral de police ("lieutenant general of police"), whowas to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined police as thetask of "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals,purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, andhaving each and everyone live according to their station and their duties".This office was held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709,these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (policeinspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the 44commissaires de police, each assigned to a particular district and assisted intheir districts by clerks and a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Parispolice force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all largeFrench cities or towns.

However, this early conceptualization of police was quite different fromtoday's police forces, exclusively in charge of maintaining order andarresting criminals. As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft, the police
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Delamare&action=edithttp://cujas.synasoft.fr/page.asp?Ouvrage=225&Ftime=1http://cujas.synasoft.fr/page.asp?Ouvrage=225&Ftime=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizeiwissenschafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1667http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_of_Police#List_of_lieutenant_generals_and_prefects_of_policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Nicolas_de_la_Reyniehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizeiwissenschafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Delamare&action=edithttp://cujas.synasoft.fr/page.asp?Ouvrage=225&Ftime=1http://cujas.synasoft.fr/page.asp?Ouvrage=225&Ftime=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizeiwissenschafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1667http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_of_Police#List_of_lieutenant_generals_and_prefects_of_policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Nicolas_de_la_Reyniehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizeiwissenschaft


3/10

had an economical and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in chargeof demographics concerns and of empowering the population, which wasconsidered by the mercantilist theory to be the main strength of the state.Thus, its functions largely overreached simple law enforcement activities,and included public health concerns, urban planning (which was important

because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved outof town, etc.), surveillance ofprices, etc [9].

Development of modern police was contemporary to the formation ofthe state, later defined by sociologist Max Weber as detaining "the monopolyon the legitimate use of physical force," primarily exerced by the police andthe military. Despite its differences, this definition was not completely aliento the Marxist definition of the state as a "repressive apparatus" guardingthe bourgeoisie's interests.

Modern police

After the troubles of the French Revolution the Paris police force wasreorganized by Napolon I on February 17, 1800 as the Prefecture of Police,along with the reorganization of police forces in all French cities with morethan 5,000 inhabitants. On March 12, 1829, a government decree createdthe first uniformed policemen in Paris and all French cities, known assergents de ville ("city sergeants"), which the Paris Prefecture of Police'swebsite claims were the first uniformed policemen in the world. [1]

In the United Kingdom, the development of police forces was muchslower than in the rest of Europe. The word "police" was borrowed fromFrench into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time itapplied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, andthe concept of police itself, was "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression"(according to Britannica 1911). Prior to the 19th century, the only officialuse of the word "police" recorded in the United Kingdom was theappointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and thecreation of the Marine Police in 1798 (set up to protect merchandise at thePort of London).

On June 30, 1800, the authorities of Glasgow, Scotland successfullypetitioned the Government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing theCity of Glasgow Police. This was the first professional police service in thecountry that differed from previous law enforcement in that it was apreventive police force. This was quickly followed in other Scottish towns,which set up their own police forces by individual Acts of Parliament [2]. In
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasma_theory_of_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemeterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#_note-8%23_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_on_the_legitimate_use_of_physical_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_on_the_legitimate_use_of_physical_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_of_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1829http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo4.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannica_1911http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Police_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glasgow_Police_Act&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Glasgow_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_policehttp://www.scotia-news.com/issue5/ISSUE05a.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasma_theory_of_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemeterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#_note-8%23_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_on_the_legitimate_use_of_physical_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_on_the_legitimate_use_of_physical_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_of_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1829http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo4.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannica_1911http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Police_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glasgow_Police_Act&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Glasgow_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_policehttp://www.scotia-news.com/issue5/ISSUE05a.htm


4/10

London, there existed watchmen hired to guard the streets at night since1663, the first paid law enforcement body in the country, augmenting theforce of unpaid constables. On September 29, 1829, the Metropolitan PoliceAct was passed by Parliament, allowing Sir Robert Peel, the then homesecretary, to found the London Metropolitan Police. This group of Police are

often referred to as Bobbies due to the fact that it was Sir Robert (Bobby)Peel who authorized it. They were regarded as the most efficient forerunnersof a modern Police force and became a model for the police forces in mostcountries, such as the United States, and most of the then British Empire(Commonwealth) Bobbies can still be found in many parts of the world.(Normally British Overseas Territories or ex-colonies, Bermuda, Gibraltar orSt Helena for example). The model of policing in Britain had as its primaryrole the keeping of the Queen's Peace and this has continued to the presentday. [3] Many of the Commonwealth Countries developed Police Forcesusing similar models such as Australia and New Zealand.

In Northern America, the Toronto Police was founded in Canada in1834, one of the first municipal police departments on that continent,followed by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City both founded in 1838.In the United States, the first organized police service was established inBoston in 1838, New York in 1844, and Philadelphia in 1854.

Patrol officers

Preventive Police, also called Uniform Branch, Uniformed Police,Administrative Police, Order Police, or Patrol, designates the police whichpatrol and respond to emergencies and other incidents, as opposed todetective services. As the name "uniformed" suggests, they wear uniformsand perform functions that require an immediate recognition of an officer'slegal authority, such as traffic control, stopping and detaining motorists, andmore active crime response and prevention. Preventive police almost alwaysmake up the bulk of a police service's personnel. Unusually, in Brazil,preventive police are known as Military Police.

Detective police

Detective Police, also called CID, Investigations Police, JudiciaryPolice / Judicial Police, or Criminal Police, are responsible for investigationsand detective work. They typically make up roughly 15% - 25% of a policeservice's personnel.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1829http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_secretaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_secretaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen's_Peacehttp://www.together.gov.uk/article.asp?c=442&aid=1275http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1838http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Police_(Brazil)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1829http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_secretaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_secretaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen's_Peacehttp://www.together.gov.uk/article.asp?c=442&aid=1275http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1838http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Police_(Brazil)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CID


5/10

Detectives services often contain subgroups whose job it is toinvestigate particular types of crime.

Detectives, by contrast to uniform police, typically wear 'businessattire' in bureaucratic and investigative functions where a uniformed

presence would be either a distraction or intimidating, but a need toestablish police authority still exists. "Plainclothes" officers dress in attireconsistent with that worn by the general public for purposes of blending in.In some cases, police are assigned to work "undercover", where theyconceal their police identity, sometimes for long periods, to investigatecrimes, such as organized crime, unsolvable by other means. In some casesthis type of policing shares some aspects with espionage.

Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, manyUS police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureausand divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detectivebureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to aspecified period of time, after which officers must transfer out or return topatrol duties. This is done in part based upon the perception that the mostimportant and essential police work is accomplished on patrol in whichofficers become acquainted with their beats, prevent crime by theirpresence, respond to crimes in progress, manage crises, and practice theirskills. Detectives, by contrast, usually investigate crimes after they haveoccurred and after patrol officers have responded first to a situation.Investigations often take weeks or months to complete, during which timedetectives spend much of their time away from the streets, in interviews and

courtrooms, for example. Rotating officers also promotes cross-training in awider variety of skills, and serves to prevent "cliques" that can contribute tocorruption or other unethical behavior.

Specialized units

Specialized preventive and detective groups exist within many lawenforcement organizations either for dealing with particular types of crime,such as traffic law enforcement and crash investigation, homicide, or fraud;or for situations requiring specialized skills, such as underwater search,aviation, explosive device disposal ("bomb squad"), and computer crime.Most larger jurisdictions also employ specially-selected and trained quasi-military units armed with military-grade weapons for the purposes of dealingwith particularly violent situations beyond the capability of a patrol officerresponse, including high-risk warrant service and barricaded suspects. In theUnited States these units go by a variety of names, but are commonly
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_squadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Special_Response_Units_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-traininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_squadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Special_Response_Units_in_the_United_States


6/10

known as SWAT (Special Weapons And Tactics) teams. Because theirsituational mandate typically focuses on removing innocent bystanders fromdangerous people and dangerous situations, not violent resolution, they areoften equipped with non-lethal tactical tools like chemical agents,"flashbang" and concussion grenades, and rubber bullets.

Investigating crimes committed by the police

Police services commonly include units for investigating crimescommitted by the police themselves. These units are typically calledInspectorate-General, or in the USA, "internal affairs". In some countriesseparate organizations outside the police exist for such purposes, such asthe British Police Complaints Authority (now Independent Police ComplaintsCommission). Likewise, some state and local jurisdictions, for example,Springfield, Illinois[10] have similar outside review organizations.

Military police

There are two types of military police service:

Gendarmeries are military police services that work incivilian populations.

Provost services are military police services that workwithin the armed forces.

Police armament and equipment

Many law enforcement agencies have heavily armed units for dealingwith dangerous situations, such as these U.S. Customs and Border

Protection officers.

In many jurisdictions, police officers carry firearms, primarilyhandguns, in the normal course of their duties.

Police often have specialist units for handling armed offenders, andsimilar dangerous situations, and can (depending on local laws), in someextreme circumstances, call on the military (since Military Aid to the Civil
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_agentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_grenade#Stun_grenadeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_affairs_(law_enforcement)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Complaints_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#_note-9%23_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeriehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(Military_Police)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Aid_to_the_Civil_Powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_agentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_grenade#Stun_grenadeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_affairs_(law_enforcement)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Complaints_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police#_note-9%23_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmeriehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(Military_Police)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Aid_to_the_Civil_Power


7/10

Power is a role of many armed forces). Perhaps the most high-profileexample of this was, in 1980 the Metropolitan Police handing control of theIranian Embassy Siege to the Special Air Service. They can also be equippedwith non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal")weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons,

riot control agents, rubber bullets and electroshock weapons. The use offirearms or deadly force is typically a last resort only to be used whennecessary to save human life, although some jurisdictions allow its useagainst fleeing felons and escaped convicts. Police officers often carryhandcuffs to restrain suspects.

Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communicationsequipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years,vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of policecommunications, enabling easier dispatching of calls, criminal backgroundchecks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds, andupdating the officer's daily activity log and other required reports on a real-time basis. Other common pieces of police equipment include flashlights,whistles, and, most importantly, notebooks and "ticketbooks" or citations.

Police vehicles

Police vehicles are used for detaining, patrolling and transporting. The

common Police patrol vehicle is an improved four door sedan (saloon inBritish English). Police vehicles are usually marked with appropriate logosand are equipped with sirens and lightbars to aid in making others aware ofpolice presence. Unmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operationsor apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Somecities and counties have started using unmarked cars, or cars with minimalmarkings for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight ofmarked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it easier for officers tocatch speeders and traffic violators.

Motorcycles are also commonly used, particularly in locations that acar may not be able to access, to control potential public order situationsinvolving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where themotorcycle policeman can quickly clear a path for the escorted vehicle.Bicycle patrols are used in some areas because they allow for more openinteraction with the public. In addition, their quieter operation can facilitateapproaching suspects unawares and can help in pursuing them attempting toescape on foot.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Aid_to_the_Civil_Powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_Siegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-lethal_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_(weapon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_control_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_bullethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroshock_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handcuffshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Aid_to_the_Civil_Powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_Siegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-lethal_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_(weapon)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_control_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_bullethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroshock_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handcuffshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle


8/10

Polish policeman from Prevention Detachment

In order for police officers to do their job, they may be vested by the

state with a monopoly in the use of certain powers. These include thepowers to arrest, search, seize, and interrogate; and if necessary, to uselethal force. In nations with democratic systems and the rule of law, the lawofcriminal procedure has been developed to regulate officers' discretion, sothat they do not exercise their vast powers arbitrarily or unjustly.

In U.S. criminal procedure the most famous case is Miranda v. Arizonawhich led to the widespread use of Miranda warnings or constitutionalwarnings. U.S. police are also prohibited from holding criminal suspects formore than a reasonable amount of time (usually 72 hours) beforearraignment, using torture to extract confessions, using excessive force toeffect an arrest, and searching suspects' bodies or their homes without awarrant obtained upon a showing of probable cause. Using deception forconfessions is permitted, but not coercion. There are exceptions or exigentcircumstances such as an articulated need to disarm a suspect or searchinga suspect who has already been arrested (Search Incident to an Arrest). ThePosse Comitatus Act severely restricts the use of the U.S. military for policeactivity, giving added importance to police SWAT units.

British police officers are governed by similar rules, particularly thoseintroduced under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, but generally

have greater powers. They may, for example, legally search any suspectwho has been arrested, or their vehicles, home or business premises,without a warrant, and may seize anything they find in a search as evidence.All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newlyappointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable orCommissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers toauthorize certain aspects of police operations, such as a power to authorizea search of a suspect's house (section 18 PACE) by an officer of the rank ofInspector, or the power to authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hoursby a Superintendent.

Difficult issues

Police organizations must sometimes deal with the issue of policecorruption, which is often abetted by a code of silence that encourages
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_warninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probable_causehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_silencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_warninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probable_causehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_silence


9/10

unquestioning loyalty to one's comrades over the cause of justice. In thecomparatively rare event that an officer breaks this code on a significantscale, they may receive death threats or even be left for dead, as in the caseof Frank Serpico. One way to fight such corruption is by having anindependent or semi-independent organization investigate, such as (in the

United States) the Federal Justice Department, state Attorneys General,local District Attorneys, a police department's own internal affairs division, orspecially appointed commissions. However, independent organizations aregenerally not called except for the most severe cases of corruption.

Some believe that police forces have traditionally been responsible forenforcing many bigoted perspectives which have been prevalent at variousperiods throughout history. Ageism against teens, homophobia, racism, andsexism are views which police have been charged with having held andenforced.

Some police organizations are faced with routine accusations of racialprofiling. Police forces also find themselves under criticism for their use offorce, particularly deadly force, when a police officer of one race kills asuspect of another race. In the United States, such events routinely sparkprotests and accusations of racism against police.

In the United States since the 1960s, concern over such issues hasincreasingly weighed upon law enforcement agencies, courts and legislaturesat every level of government. Incidents such as the 1965 Watts Riots, thevideotaped 1991 beating by Los Angeles Police officers ofRodney King, and

the riot following their acquittal has depicted American police as dangerouslylacking in appropriate controls. The fact that this trend has occurredcontemporaneously with the rise of the US civil rights movement, the Waron Drugs and a precipitous rise in violent crime from the 1960s to the 1990shas made questions surrounding the role, administration and scope ofauthority of police specifically and the criminal justice system as a wholeincreasingly complicated. Police departments and the local governments thatoversee them in some jurisdictions have attempted to mitigate some ofthese issues through community outreach programs and community policingto make the police more accessible to the concerns of local communities; byworking to increase hiring diversity; by updating training of police in theirresponsibilities to the community and under the law; and by increasedoversight within the department or by civilian commissions. In cases inwhich such measures have been lacking or absent, local departments havebeen compelled by legal action initiated by the US Department of Justiceunder the 14th Amendment to enter into consent decree settlements toadopt such measures and submit to oversight by the Justice Department.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Serpicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_Generalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Attorneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_affairs_(law_enforcement)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigotryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_profilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_profilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_Riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Kinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_Riothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outreachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_policinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_decreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Serpicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_Generalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Attorneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_affairs_(law_enforcement)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigotryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_profilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_profilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_Riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Kinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_Riothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outreachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_policinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_decree


10/10

Finally, in many places, the social status and pay of police can lead tomajor problems with recruitment and morale. Jurisdictions lacking theresources or the desire to pay police appropriately, lacking a tradition ofprofessional and ethical law enforcement, or lacking adequate oversight ofthe police often face a dearth of quality recruits, a lack of professionalism

and commitment among their police, and broad mistrust of the police amongthe public. These situations often strongly contribute to police corruption andbrutality. This is particularly a problem in countries undergoing social andpolitical development; countries that lack rule of law or civil servicetraditions; or countries in transition from authoritarian or Communistgovernments in which the prior regime's police were little more thanpraetorians.

Some cities employ quotas of how many traffic tickets a police officershould write, although the practice is illegal in others. Furthermore, othercities deny that there are quotas, but many police officers have comeforward stating that they are pressured to write traffic tickets, since theyusually produce revenue for the local government issuing the tickets. Somecities make millions of dollars annually on traffic tickets, which helps fundlocal government. Many rural jurisdictions (towns) generate 90% of theirrevenue from traffic tickets. A few cities have actually admitted there arequotas. This can be an issue with the general populace as well as an issuewithin the police department. In some cities, police complain about beingturned into tax collectors by the politicians preventing them from doing theirreal job, which they consider to be fighting crime and keeping the peace.

International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol),

Most countries are members of the International Criminal PoliceOrganization (Interpol), established to detect and fight trans-national crimeand provide for international co-operation and co-ordination of other policeactivities, such as notifying relatives of the death of foreign nationals.Interpol does not conduct investigations nor arrests by itself, but only servesas a central point for information on crime, suspects and criminals. Politicalcrimes are excluded from its competencies.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guard#Modern_analogous_uses_of_the_termhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Police_Organization_-_Interpolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Police_Organization_-_Interpolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Police_Organization_-_Interpolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guard#Modern_analogous_uses_of_the_termhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Police_Organization_-_Interpolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Police_Organization_-_Interpolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Police_Organization_-_Interpolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_crime

Chapter 4 Police

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 4 Police