Chapter 4 Learning 2 of 37 Topics to Explore 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning...
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Transcript of Chapter 4 Learning 2 of 37 Topics to Explore 1.Classical Conditioning 2.Operant Conditioning...
Chapter 4Learning
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Topics to Explore
1. Classical Conditioning
2. Operant Conditioning
3. Motivation
Part 1Classical Conditioning
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Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior due to
experience
Does NOT include temporary changes due to disease,
injury, maturation, injury, or drugs, since these do
NOT qualify as learning
Reinforcement: Any event that changes the probability that
a response will recur
Response: Any identifiable behavior- Internal: Faster heartbeat- Observable: Eating, scratching
Learning: Some Terms
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Classical conditioning: acquiring a new response (the
conditioned response) to a previously neutral stimulus (the
conditioned stimulus) that reliably signals the arrival of an
unconditioned stimulus.
Ivan Pavlov: Russian physiologist who initially was studying
digestion; first identified mechanisms of classical
conditioning
Also known as Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
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Pavlov’s Experimental Setup
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Some Terms
• Reflex: a stimulus-response pair in which the stimulus automatically elicits the response
• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): the stimulus in a reflex that automatically elicits a response
• Unconditioned response (UCR): the response in a reflex that occurs automatically after the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus
• Example: physician strikes below knee with little hammer (unconditioned stimulus) knee jerk (unconditioned response)
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Process of Classical Conditioning
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Unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus that elicits a response
without training
Conditioned stimulus: A stimulus that elicits a response
because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned
stimulus
Unconditioned response: An innate response elicited by an
unconditioned stimulus; usually either a reflex or an emotional
response
Conditioned response: Term used to refer to a reflex response
after learning has occurred to elicit the response by a
conditioned stimulus
Components of Classical Conditioning
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There are two different stimuli:
• the unconditioned stimulus, which elicits the response
reflexively, without an training [the smell of food]
• the conditioned stimulus, which can only elicit the response
after training [the sound of the bell]
There is only one response [salivation]. What the response is
called depends on which stimulus elicited it:
• It is the unconditioned response when elicited by the
unconditioned stimulus [the smell of food]
• It is the conditioned response when elicited by the conditioned
stimulus [the sound of the bell]
More on Stimuli & Responses
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Acquisition: acquiring a new response to the conditioned
stimulus
Extinction: the diminishing of the conditioned response when
the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned
stimulus
Spontaneous Recovery: a partial recovery in strength of the
conditioned response following a break during extinction
training
Principles of Classical Conditioning
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Graphic: Acquisition & Extinction
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Stimulus Generalization: A tendency to respond to stimuli
that are similar, but not identical, to a conditioned stimulus
(e.g., responding to a buzzer or a hammer banging when the
conditioning stimulus was a bell)
Stimulus Discrimination: The ability to respond differently to
various stimuli (e.g., Rudy will respond differently to various
bells [alarms, school, timer])
Principles, continued
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Phobia: Intense, unrealistic, irrational fear of a specific
situation or object (e.g., arachnophobia (fear of spiders; see the
movie!))
Conditioned Emotional Response (CER): Learned emotional
reaction to a previously neutral stimulus
Desensitization: Exposing phobic people gradually to feared
stimuli while they stay calm and relaxed
Classical Conditioning in Humans
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A Little Demonstration
See in class!
Part 2Operant Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning: Learning based on the consequences of
responding; we associate responses with their consequences
Operant Reinforcer: Any event that follows a response and
changes its likelihood of recurring
Operant Conditioning (Instrumental Learning)
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Example of Operant Conditioning
• Child says “doll,” “duh,” “dat” to get doll.
• On Day 1, parents give doll only when child says “doll”
• By Day 20, child only says “doll” to get doll
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Graphic: Acquisition of Learning
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Skinner Box (conditioning chamber)
Apparatus
designed to study
operant
conditioning in
animals
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Operant reinforcement most effective when given immediately
after a correct response
Effectiveness of reinforcement is inversely related to time
elapsed after correct response occurs
Timing of Reinforcement
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Graphic: Effect of Delay of Reinforcement
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Reinforcer: a stimulus that increases the probability of a prior
response.
Reinforcement: process by which the probability of a
response is increased by the occurrence of a reinforcer.
Punisher: a stimulus that decreases the probability of a prior
response.
Punishment: the process by which the probability of a
response is decreased by the occurrence of a punisher.
Types of Reinforcement
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Types of Stimuli
• Appetitive stimulus: a stimulus that is pleasant
• Aversive stimulus: a stimulus that is unpleasant
• Positive reinforcement: reinforcement in which an appetitive stimulus is presented.
• Positive punishment: punishment in which an aversive stimulus is presented
• Negative reinforcement: reinforcement in which an aversive stimulus is removed
• Negative punishment: reinforcement in which an appetitive stimulus is removed
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Types of Conditioning
consequence:desirable
(appetitive)undesirable(aversive)
given positive reinforcement positive punishment
taken away negative punishment negative reinforcement
yellow increases behavior; blue decreases behavior
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Comparison: Classical & Operant Conditioning
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Comparison: Classical & Operant Conditioning, 2
classical operant
behavior involuntary (reflexive) voluntary (nonreflexive)
association of events (CS & UCS) of response & reinforcer
expectationthat CS signals arrival of UCS
that behavior will be reinforced
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Primary Reinforcer: Unlearned and natural; satisfies
biological needs (e.g., food, water, sex)
Secondary Reinforcer: Learned reinforcer (e.g., money,
grades, approval, praise)
Token Reinforcer: Tangible secondary reinforcer (e.g.,
money, gold stars, poker chips)
Social Reinforcer: Provided by other people (e.g.,
learned desires for attention and approval)
Types of Reinforcers
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Effectiveness of Token Economy
Tokens used to reward socially desirable behavior in a mental hospital ward. Tokens could be used for snacks, coffee, game-room privileges, weekend passes.
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Continuous Reinforcement: A reinforcer follows every
correct response
Partial Reinforcement: Reinforcers do NOT follow every
response
Partial Reinforcement Effect: Responses acquired with
partial reinforcement are very resistant to extinction
Continuous & Partial Reinforcement
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Review: Types of Reinforcers
Part 3Motivation
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Drive Reduction Theory
• Motivation: the set of internal and external factors that energize our behavior and direct it toward goals
• Drive reduction theory: a theory of motivation that proposes that our behavior is motivated to reduce drives (bodily tension states) created by unsatisfied bodily needs to return the body to a balanced state
• Need vs. Drive:
You begin a fast: after 1 day after 1 week
need for food some need need increases
drive for food (hunger) some hunger hunger decreases
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Incentive & Arousal Theories
• Incentive theory: a theory of motivation that proposes that our behavior is motivated by incentives, external stimuli that we have learned to associate with reinforcement.
• Arousal theory: a theory of motivation that proposes that our behavior is motivated to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal.
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
• Yerkes-Dodson law: a law describing the relationship between the amount of arousal and the performance quality on a task
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Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation
• Extrinsic motivation: the desire to perform a behavior for external reinforcement
• Intrinsic motivation: the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
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A Little Demonstration: Sensation Seeking Scale
See in class!
THE END!