Chapter 4: Heredity Section1- Genetics
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Transcript of Chapter 4: Heredity Section1- Genetics
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Chapter 4: HereditySection1- Genetics
Life Science
Lesson Plan
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Inheriting Traits Create a short list of characteristics
about yourself…
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HeredityHeredity is the passing of traits
from parents to offspring.
Inherited Traits- Traits that are passed from parents to their offspring (through fertilization)
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Genes are passed down… but what are genes?
Genes - Sections of DNA on a chromosome.
Genes on chromosomes control the traits that show up in an organism.– There are hundreds of genes on a
chromosome
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Alleles are different forms of a trait that a gene may contain.– There are TWO alleles for every trait
Example: Height– 1 allele is tall (T)– 1 allele is short (t)
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Allelesalleles
a gene
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GENETICS Genetics- the study of inherited traits.
Gregor Mendel- The Father of
Genetics “The Man”
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Mendel’s Experiment Mendel studied the traits of Pea Plants
– Look Page 105
Crossed 2 Plants with different expressions of the trait – Example- Tall (T)& Short (t)– Round (R) & Wrinkled (r)
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Mendel’s Experiment When the plants were crossed he
discovered that the new plant formed looked like one of the two parents.
Take a look…
Mendel’s Tall vs. Short Plants
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Mendel used pollen from both Tall and Short Plants to pollinate by hand the flowers.
Cross-Pollination- the pollination of two different plants together
http://www2.edc.org/weblabs/Mendel/MendelMenu.html
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Hybrid vs. Purebred
3.Purebreds- offspring that receives two of the same alleles for a trait (TT or tt)
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Hybrid vs. Purebred
4. Hybrids- offspring that receives two different alleles for a trait (Tt)
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OR……
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Check out these websites!
http://www.switcheroozoo.com/zoo.htm
http://www.buildyourwildself.com/
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2 Types of Allelesa. Dominant allele- covers up or dominates the other trait.
Represented by a CAPITAL
b. Recessive allele- the trait seems to disappear
Represented by a lower case
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Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
Homozygous – an organism with 2 alleles for one trait that are the same (written TT)
6 Heterozygous – an organism with 2
alleles for one trait that are different (written Tt)
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Phenotype vs. Genotype
Genotype- the genetic-makeup of an organism (types of letters used)
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Phenotype vs. Genotype
Phenotype- the way an organism physically looks/behaves as a result of its genotype.
Types of Words used: Tall, Short, Blonde, Brown, etc.
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The Use of Punnett Squares
A Punnett Square can help you predict what an offspring will look like.
For example, Male and Female Chromosomes
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Check out the Punnett Square
Screencast!
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Chapter 4Part 2- Genetics Since
Mendel
Life Science
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Question… If you crossed Purebred Red four-
o’clock plants with Purebred White four-o’clock plants, what would the offspring look like?
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Actually… they were Pink !?!?!
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Incomplete Dominance- when two homozygous parents combine, the offspring results in a mixed (or blended) phenotype
Remember the chickens?!?!
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When neither allele for a trait is Dominant.
The phenotype produced is a blending between the two homozygous parents.– The combining of Purebred Red &
Purebred White produced PINK plants.
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Although Mendel studied peas that were controlled by two alleles, many traits can be controlled by more than two alleles…
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Multiple Alleles A trait that is controlled by Having
more than two alleles is controlled by Multiple Alleles.
Traits controlled by Multiple Alleles produce more than three phenotypes of that trait.
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Example of Multiple Alleles…
Blood Types: A, B, AB, and O.– The O allele is recessive to both A and B
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Other Worksheet… Phenotype A - AA or Ao Genotype
Phenotype B – BB or Bo Genotype
Phenotype AB – AB
Phenotype O – oo Genotype
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Polygenic Inheritance Polygenic Inheritance- when a group
of gene pairs acts together to produce one trait.– Which creates more variety in
phenotypes
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What would be an example? Many traits such as…Eye Color, Hair
Color, Skin tone, & Handspan are traits produced by a combination of genes.
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Human Genes & Mutations
What are Mutations?!?!?
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MutationsMutations - a permanent
change in the DNA sequence
A mutation can be harmful, beneficial, or cause no effect.
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Chromosome Disorder Chromosome disorders- caused
by more or fewer chromosomes than normal
–Downs Syndrome- caused by an extra chromosome (trisomy) at Chromosome 21
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Recessive Genetic Disorders
Recessive Genetic Disorders are disorders passed through the Recessive alleles.
Both parents contain the recessive allele (containing the disorder) that comes together in the offspring.
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When both parents are Heterozygous, they do not show any symptoms– (Called “carriers” for the trait.)
Example- Cystic Fibrosis is a homozygous recessive disorder.
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Sex-Linked Disorders An allele inherited on a sex
chromosomes ( X or Y ) is called a sex-linked gene.
Inherited conditions are linked with the X and Y chromosomes.
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Example- Color Blindness and Hemophilia
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Pedigree- used to follow or trace traits through generations of a family.
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Section 3
III. Advances in Genetics
A. Genetic Engineering- experimentations that changes the arrangement of DNA that makes up a gene.
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Types:
1. Recombinant DNA
Inserting a useful section of DNA into a bacteria
Example- Creating Insulin (Page 143)
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2. Gene Therapy- When a “normal allele” is placed into
a virus, the virus then delivers the normal allele when it infects a specific cell. (Figure 13 Page 144)
May be used to control Cystic Fibrosis and other disorders.
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3. Genetically Engineering Plants- Plants are created by genetically inserting
the desired genes of one plant into another plant you want to show those genes.
Also genetically engineered: ANIMALS “Cloning”
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Works Cited www.coolclips.com http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/
cm1504/mendel.htm www.classzone.com www.dkimages.com www.virtualsciencefair.org
www.scienceray.com