Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a...
-
Upload
anissa-baldwin -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
1
Transcript of Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a...
![Page 1: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 4Global Climates and Biomes
![Page 2: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area
Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure
Climate – the average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period, typically several decades
Global Processes Determine Weather and Climate
![Page 3: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Troposphere – the layer closest to Earth's surface extending roughly 16 km (10 miles) above Earth
Stratosphere – above the troposphere, this extends from roughly 16 to 50 km (10-31 miles)
Earth's Atmosphere
![Page 4: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Warm-Up Questions
1. What are several factors that determine the temperature of a location on Earth?
2. Which is able to hold more water vapor: warm air or cool air?
3. As air is compressed (higher pressure), what happens to its temperature?
4. When water evaporates, does it absorb or release heat energy?
![Page 6: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Unequal Heating of Earth
• As the sun's energy passes through the atmosphere and strikes land and water, it warms the surface of Earth
• But this warming does not occur evenly across the planet
![Page 7: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
◦The variation in angle at which the sun's rays strike causes uneven heating
Causes of Uneven Heating of Earth
![Page 8: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The amount of surface area over which the sun's rays are distributed
Causes of Uneven Heating of Earth
![Page 9: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Some areas of Earth reflect more solar energy than others
Albedo – percentage of sunlight that is reflected from a surface (comes from the Latin word albus, meaning “whiteness”)
The more solar energy is reflected, the lower the temperature
Causes of Uneven Heating of Earth
![Page 10: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Density – less dense air rises, denser air sinks
Properties of Air
![Page 12: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Water vapor capacity – warm air has a higher capacity for water vapor than cold air
Properties of Air
![Page 13: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Adiabatic heating or cooling – as air rises in the atmosphere its pressure decreases and the air expands
Conversely, as air sinks, the pressure increases and the air decreases in volume
Properties of Air
![Page 14: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Latent heat release – when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water and energy is released
Properties of Air
![Page 15: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Warm-Up Questions
1. What causes adiabatic heating and cooling?
2. What is albedo? Identify a surface with a high albedo and a surface with a low albedo.
![Page 16: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Adiabatic Heating and Cooling
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQeCEqkE9eE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XH_M4jItiKw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qoTcdO868MM
![Page 17: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Atmospheric convection currents are global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of Earth
Formation of Convection Currents
![Page 18: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Hadley cells – the convection currents that cycle between the equator and 30˚ north and south
Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) – the area of Earth that receives the most intense sunlight and where the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells converge (near the equator)
Formation of Convection Currents
![Page 19: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Hadley Cells
![Page 20: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Convection Currents
![Page 21: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
30⁰
30⁰
![Page 22: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Polar cells – the convection currents that are formed by air that rises at 60˚ north and south and sinks at the poles (90˚ north and south)
Formation of Convection Currents
![Page 23: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
As Earth rotates, its surface moves much faster at the equator than in mid-latitude and polar regions
The faster rotation speeds closer to the equator cause a deflection of objects that are moving directly north or south
Earth's Rotation and the Coriolis Effect
![Page 24: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Coriolis Effect
![Page 25: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Coriolis Effect
![Page 26: Chapter 4 Global Climates and Biomes. Weather – the short term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area Includes: temperature, humidity, clouds,](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649f2f5503460f94c48e02/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Coriolis Effect – the deflection of an object's path due to Earth's rotation
The prevailing winds of the world are produced by a combination of atmospheric convection currents and the Coriolis effect
Earth's Rotation and the Coriolis Effect