Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities. Weather: Is the day-to-day conditions of Earth’s...
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Transcript of Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities. Weather: Is the day-to-day conditions of Earth’s...
![Page 1: Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities. Weather: Is the day-to-day conditions of Earth’s atmosphere. Climate: Average conditions over a long period.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/5697bfc71a28abf838ca7973/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities
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Weather: Is the day-to-day conditions of Earth’s
atmosphere. Climate: Average conditions over a long period of
time. What is the climate and weather of Southern
California?
4.1 Climate
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All the carbon dioxide builds up in the Earth’s atmosphere, trapping heat.
Greenhouse effect: Natural process that stops all sun’s heat from escaping
rapidly back to space. Without the green houseeffect the Earth would be 30 C cooler.
Solar Energy and the Greenhouse Effect
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The Earth’s surface can be divided into different temperate zones based on lines of latitude.
We have 3 different zones….
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Tropics: Warmest temperature zone
Polar zones: Coldest temperature zone
Temperate zone: Seasonal changes.
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What zone do we live in?
Temperate zone
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Why does a crab live in the ocean?
Why does a lion live in the Savanna?
They are all adapted to live in certain places. Tolerance: The ability to survive and reproduce under a
range of environmental circumstances.
4.2 Niches and Community Interactions
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Habitat: General place where an organism lives.
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Niche: Describes not only what an organism does, but
also how it interacts with biotic and abiotic factors in the environment.
It’s an organisms job.
Resources: Any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients,
light, food, or space.
Niche
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What is a plant’s niche?
Photosynthesis and give us oxygen.
What is your niche?
Get good grades…etc
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If two people want the same job, what happens?
If there is limited food, what will the two species do?
Compete!
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Competitive exclusion: If two species are similar in their requirements that the
same resource limits both species growth, one species may succeed over the other.
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Predation: An interaction in which one animal (the
predator) captures and feeds on another animal (the prey).
Herbivory: An interaction in which one animal (the
herbivore) feeds on producers (such as plants).
Predation, Herbivory, and Keystone Species
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We have a food chain with sea otters, sea urchins, and kelp. What would happen to the environment if the sea otters died off?
Sea urchin population would increase, while the kelp would decrease.
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The sea otter would be considered the keystone specie.
Keystone specie: Can cause dramatic changes in the structure
of a community.
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SymbiosisWhat kind of people do you interact with?
Friends Parents Teammates Teachers Coaches Boyfriend/Girlfriend
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What kind of relationships do you have with them?
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Story
In terms of Gary and I, what kind of relationship did we have?
+,--
In terms of Nicole and I, what kind of relationship do we have?
+,+
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What kind of relationship do these organisms have?
Human ___ Mosquito +
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What kind of relationship do these organisms have?
Black billed Magpie
+ American Bison
+
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Why does the tortoise have a neutral relationship while the rodent and frog are positive?
Gopher Tortoise 0 Rodent + Frog +
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These reflect different levels of symbiosis.
Symbiosis: When two species live closely together. There are three main classes of symbiotic
relationships. Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism
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Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism: One organisms benefits, other is harmed. Mutualism: Both organisms benefit Commensalism: One organisms benefits, the other is neither
harmed or benefited
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Parasitism
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Commensalism
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Mutualism
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4.3 Succession Ecological Succession: Series of more-or-less predictable changes that occur in
a community over time. Ecosystems change over time, especially after
disturbances, as some species die out and new species move in.
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Primary succession: Area with no remnants of an older community.
Pioneer species: The first species to colonize barren areas.
Secondary succession: When disturbances damages an existing community but
leaves soil intact.
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Primary Succession
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Succession
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Secondary Succession 1 Year
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Secondary Succession 5 years
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Secondary Succession 10 years
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Secondary Succession 25 years
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Secondary Succession 30 years
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Human Caused Disturbances What is happening to trees and forests? Deforestation: Clearing of forests for agriculture.
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What do you think about when you hear California?
What do you think about when you hear Antarctica?
4.4 Biomes
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Biomes: Defined by abiotic factors like climate and
soil type, and biotic factors like plant and animal life.
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Tropical Rainforest Tropical Dry Forest Tropical Grassland/Savanna/Shrubland Desert Temperate Grassland Temperate Woodland and Shrubland Temperate Forest Northwestern Coniferous Forest Boreal Forest Tundra
Examples of Biomes
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Warm temperatures, has the most biodiversity and rainfall.
Tall trees form a dense, leafy covering called the canopy.
Shorter trees form the understory.
Tropical Rainforest
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Warm; seasonal rainfall; compact soils; frequent fires set by lightning.
Migratory animals such as rhinos and elephants.
Tropical Grassland/Savanna/Shrubland
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Least amount of precipitation. Undergo extreme daily temperature
changes. Hot and cold. Cacti are adapted to store water.
Desert
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Fertile soils, warm and hot summers, cold winters, and occasional fires.
Temperate Grassland
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Deciduous trees: Plants that shed their leaves during a
particular season. Coniferous trees: Produce seed-bearing cones. Cold winters, warm summers, year round
precipitation.
Temperate Forest
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Dense coniferous forests, winters are bitterly cold.
Boreal Forest (Taiga)
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Permafrost: Permanently frozen subsoil. Strong winds, low precipitation, long cold
dark winters. Not a lot of biodiversity
Tundra
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What factors affect life in aquatic ecosystems?
Water depth Temperature Flow Amount of dissolved nutrients
4.5 Aquatic Ecosystems
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Who has been to the beach?
What happens to the water color when you get step out to the ocean?
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Light areas (photic zone)= light penetrates the water
Dark areas (aphotic zone) = limited light
Water Depth
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Can plants live in the aphotic zone?
No, they cannot photosynthesize.
Benthos: Organisms that live in the benthic (shallow)
zone.
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Deep Sea Creatures
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Can be divided into three main categories
1. Rivers and Streams
2. Lakes an Ponds
3. Freshwater Wetlands
Freshwater Ecosystems
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Originate from underground water sources in mountains or hills.
Many animals depend on rivers and streams for food.
Rivers and Streams
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Food webs in lakes and ponds often are based on a combination of plankton and attached algae and plants.
Plankton: Includes phytoplankton (plant) and
zooplankton (animal).
Lakes and Ponds
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Wetlands: Is an ecosystem in which water either covers
the soil or is present at or near the surface for at least part of the year.
Nutrient rich, highly productive, and serve as breeding grounds for many organisms.
Purify water by filtering pollutants and help prevent flooding.
Freshwater Wetlands
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Estuaries Estuaries: Streams and rivers merge with an ocean.
Chesapeake bay!
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Serve as spawning and nursery grounds for many ecologically and commercially important fish and shellfish.
Estuaries
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Ecologists divide the ocean into three zones based on depth and distance from shore.
Marine Ecosystems
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Ocean zones
Intertidal zone: Area of shore between the high-tide and low-
tide lines. Exposed to sun. (closest to land)
Coastal zone: Low-tide out the edge of continental shelf.
Some sunlight. (in between ocean and land)
Open Ocean zone: 90% of the world ocean area. Filled with
zooplankton. (farthest away from land)