Chapter 4 – Ecosystems and Communities. ________ and ________ help dictate what organisms can live...
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Transcript of Chapter 4 – Ecosystems and Communities. ________ and ________ help dictate what organisms can live...
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Chapter 4 – Ecosystems and Communities
Section 4-1: The Role of Climate
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________ and ________ help dictate what organisms can live where they do
________ = the day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place
Weather
Weather climate
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________ = the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region
Climate is affected by several factors; heat trapped by the atmosphere, ________, the transportation of heat by winds and oceans, ___________, and the shape and elevation of the land
Climate
latitude
precipitation
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_______________ = the natural situation in which heat is retained by a layer of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
_____, ________, and __________ are important in trapping heat let light and heat in, but only let limited heat back out
Greenhouse effect
CO2methane water vapor
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_______ has an effect on climate since Earth has a tilted axis
Because Earth is tilted, different parts of Earth receive different amounts of ________
Differences in the angle of sunlight at different latitudes results in different ______________
Latitude
radiation
heating patterns
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Earth has 3 main climate zones because of these differences; polar, temperate, and tropical
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1. Polar zones – cold regions where sunlight strikes at a very low angle
These zones are located near the poles!
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The climate in these zones ranges from hot to cold, depending on
2. Temperate zones – these are more affected by the change in the angle of the sun during the year
season
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They tend to receive direct/near direct sunlight all year and stay warm
3. Tropical zones – these sit near the equator
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Warm air _____ and cold air _____ this is what creates air currents
Ocean currents are similar warm water _____ and cold water ____
The uneven heating of Earth creates _____ and ____________
ocean currentswinds
rises
fallsrises
falls
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__________ and ___________ can affect winds and currents
Both winds and currents are a way to transport __________ through the biosphere
Continents land masses
heat energy
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Section 4-2: What
Shapes an Ecosystem
?
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____________= the biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem (living factors)
_____________ = physical (nonliving) factors that shape ecosystemsEx. Temperature, precipitation, _________, wind, nutrient availability, ____, ________
Both ______ and ________ things help to shape an ecosystem
living nonliving
Biotic factors
Abiotic factors
humiditysoilsunlight
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Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the _______ and _______ of an organism as well as the productivity of an ecosystem
_______ = the area where an organism lives it include biotic/abiotic factors
survivalgrowth
Habitat
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______= the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which it uses its conditions
It can be thought of as an organisms __________
The biotic/abiotic factors in an ecosystem help determine the different niches there
Niche
occupation
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A niche includes the types of food an organism eats, how it gets its food, and who it is food for
_________________ like temp and amount of water present are a large part of an organisms niche
No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat why do you think that is?
Different species can occupy _______ niches
Physical conditions
similar
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____________ is a natural part of an ecosystem; organisms are trying to use the same resource at the same time
_________ = any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space
___________ within ecosystems play an important role
Interactions
Competition
Resource
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Direction competition results in a loser and a winner the loser fails to
The ___________________________ states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
survive
competitive exclusion principle
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_________ = an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism
_______ = the organism that does the killing and eating
_____ = the organism that gets caught and eaten
Predation
PredatorPrey
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_________ = any relationship in which two species live closely together
Symbiosis
There are 3 main classes of symbiotic relationships; mutualism, commensalism, and
parasitism
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1. Mutualism = a relationship where both species benefit
Ex. Flowers/insects
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2. Commensalism = a relationship where one member benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
Ex. Barnacles/whales
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3. Parasitism = a relationship where one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it
Ex. Fleas and ticks/mammals
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Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human
As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new inhabitant move in, which causes further change
___________________ = the series of predictable changes that happen over time
disturbances
Ecological succession
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________________ = succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists
Ex. Surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt
_____________ = the first species to populate the area for primary succession
_______ (fungus and algae that can grow on bare rock) are often pioneer species and help break up the rock
Primary succession
Pioneer species
Lichens
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__________________ = succession that occurs after an ecosystem has been changed by a large event like a fire, flood, or human destruction
Succession seems to go through predictable stages to produce a “________________” – a very stable community
Secondary succession
climax community
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Section 4-3:
Biomes
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_______ = a complex of terrestrial communities that covers a large area and is characterized by certain soil and climate conditions and particular assemblages of plants and animals
Not every species can live in every biome, it depends on their ___________
A biome
adaptations
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___________ = an inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce
_________ = the ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from their optimal conditions
Adaptation
Tolerance
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_____________ = the climate in a small area that differs from the climate around it
Microclimates can make a difference to an organism since it is adapted to certain conditions
Microclimate
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There are at least 10 different major biomes; tropical rainforest, tropical dry forest, tropical savanna, desert, temperature grassland, temperate woodland and shrubland, temperate forest, northwestern coniferous forest, boreal forest, and tundra
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Home to more species than all other biomes combined
The tall trees for a dense covering =
The second layer under the canopy =
Hot and wet year-round with a lack of nutrients in soil
1. Tropical rain forest
the canopy
understory
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Warm year-round, wet and dry seasons, rich soil
During the dry season almost all the trees drop their leaves to __________
______________ = a tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season
2. Tropical dry forest
Deciduous tree
save water
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Characterized by
Spotted with trees and groves of trees
Warm temps, seasonal rainfall, compact soils,
3. Topical savanna
a cover of grass
frequent fires
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Very dry with less than ______ of precipitation a year
Low precipitation, variable temps, mineral rich soil (low in organic material)
4. Desert
25 cm
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Usually have a large mix of grasses and fertile soils
They once covered a vast area of
Warm/hot summers and cold winters, seasonal precipitation, fertile soils
5. Temperate grassland
the Midwestern/central US
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Tend to have a mix of large wooded areas and grasslands
Hot/dry summer, cool/moist winters, thin soils, periodic fires
6. Temperate woodland and shrubland
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Has a mix of both deciduous and coniferous trees
_______________ = trees that produce cones and most have needle-like leaves
Soils are rich in _______ – formed from decaying leaves and organic material (makes soil fertile)
Cold/moderate winters, warm summers, year-round precipitation
7. Temperate forest
Coniferous trees
humus
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Moist air from the ocean helps create rain for the biome
Mild temps, much precipitation most of the year, cool/dry summers
8. Northwestern Coniferous Forest
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Experience bitter cold winters, but summers are warm enough for growth
Long/cold winters, mild summers, high humidity, moderate precipitation
9. Boreal forest (taiga)
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Characterized by _______ – a layer of permanently frozen subsoil
Thawing and freezing of soil if rough on plant roots, limiting plant growth
Strong winds, low precipitation, long/cold/dark winters, permafrost
10. Tundra
tundra
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Some areas of Earth don’t fall into a specific biome, like
There is no definite line when crossing from one biome to another, habitats can gradually change
mountain ranges and polar icecaps
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Section 4-4: Aquatic
Ecosystems
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Aquatic ecosystems are determined by ______, flow, _____, and chemistry of the water
________ is also an important factor for aquatic biomes; polar, temperate, and tropical oceans can be very different
Water covers almost ¾ of Earth, so many organism live in aquatic habitats
depth temp
Latitude
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Freshwater ecosystems are divided into 2 main types; flowing-water and standing-
water
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Near the source of the flow there is lots of _______________ in the water and little plant life
Farther downstream, water slows and ________ builds up leading to more plant life
Flowing-water ecosystems – made up of _____, streams, ______, and brooks
Organisms must be adapted to the flowing water
rivers creeks
dissolved oxygen
sediment
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________ = general term for the tiny free-floating organisms that live in fresh and salt water_____________ = unicellular algae plankton____________ = animal plankton
Standing-water ecosystems – made up of _____ and _____ The relatively still water
provides habitats for many organisms
lakes ponds
Plankton
PhytoplanktonZooplankton
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________ = an ecosystem in which water covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year
Water can be flowing or ________; fresh, salt, or ________
Wetland
standing brackish
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There are 3 main types of wetlands; bogs, marshes
and swamps
Trees, shrubs, and chemical make-up of the water make them different from each other
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They have both fresh and salt water and are affected by the ____
Most are shallow so ____________ can take place
_________= wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea
Much of the organic material ends up as _______ – tiny pieces of organic material that provide food for organisms at the base of the food web
Estuaries
tides
photosynthesis
detritus
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________________ = coastal wetlands that are widespread across tropical regions; dominated by salt tolerant trees called mangroves
____________ = temperate-zone estuaries dominated by salt-tolerant grasses and seagrasses
Salt marshes
Mangrove swamps
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Marine ecosystems generally refer to salt-water ecosystems
___________ = the permanently dark zone of water
_____ is an important factor in marine ecosystems – it can only penetrate so far in the water
__________ = the well-lit upper layer of water where photosynthesis is limited to (only about 200 meters deep)
Light
Aphotic zone
Photic zone
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The ocean is also divided into zones based on the depth and distance from shore; the intertidal zone, the coastal ocean, and the open ocean
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________ = organisms that live attached to or near the bottom of the ocean
These ecosystems depend on food from organisms that grow in the photic zone
The ___________ covers the ocean floor, so it is not specific to any of the 3 zones
benthic zone
Benthos
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Tides and currents create the extreme changes
Competition among organisms in the rocky intertidal zone often leads to ________ – the prominent horizontal banding of organisms that live in a particular habitat
The _____________ – experiences regular and extreme changes
intertidal zone
zonation
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The continental shelf is usually shallow enough that it is in the photic zone
The ___________ – extends from the low-tide mark to the outer edge of the continental shelf
__________ and __________ are very productive habitats that are found in this zone
costal ocean
Coral reefs kelps forests
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It is the largest marine zone and covers about _____ of the ocean
It generally has low levels of nutrients and low productivity
The __________ – begins at the edge of the continental shelf and extends outward
A lot of photosynthetic activity happens here due to
open ocean
90%
large surface area