Chapter 4 Early Civilizations in South Asia. Geography of South Asia Geographic Diversity -->...
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Transcript of Chapter 4 Early Civilizations in South Asia. Geography of South Asia Geographic Diversity -->...
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
Early Civilizations in South Early Civilizations in South AsiaAsia
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Geography of South AsiaGeography of South AsiaGeographic Diversity --> Cultural Geographic Diversity --> Cultural
DiversityDiversity Himalayan Himalayan
MountainsMountains Hindu-Kush MtsHindu-Kush Mts Indus RiverIndus River Ganges RiverGanges River Indian OceanIndian Ocean Deccan Plateau Deccan Plateau MonsoonsMonsoons
DryDry WetWet
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Harappan Society Challenges of Study
Much of remains are inaccessible Unable to decipher written records
Impact of Geography Indus River
Unpredictable but critical Agriculture: Wheat, Barley Domestication: Sheep, Goats, Chicken
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Complex CitiesHarappa and Mohenho Daro
Economic, Political and Cultural Centers What do the cities tell us about society?
- City Walls- Citadel- Granary- Marketplaces- Temples- Urban Planning- Precise Grid
- Indoor Plumbing- Sewage- Public Baths- Residential Districts- Standardized Weights and Measures
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HarappaHarappa
Overview of the north-south oriented brick wall (Feature 50) and doorway of the large Harappan building in Trench 39N. Note the earlier drain that runs east-west underneath the wall.
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HarappaHarappa
Early Drainage System
An additional six copies of these tablets, again all with the same inscriptions, were found elsewhere in the debris outside of perimeter wall [250] including two near the group of 16 and two in debris between the perimeter and curtain walls. Here all 22 tablets are displayed together with a unicorn intaglio seal from the Period 3B street inside the perimeter wall, which has two of the same signs as those found on the tablets
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Mohenjo-DaroMohenjo-Daro
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Mohenjo-DaroMohenjo-Daro
Granary and Great Bath
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Mohenjo-DaroMohenjo-Daro
The central ornament worn on the forehead of the famous "priest-king" sculpture from Mohenjo-daro appears to represent an eye bead, possibly made of gold with steatite inlay in the center
Jewelry from the Indus Valley Civilization
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TradeTrade Cotton Textile IndustryCotton Textile Industry
Imports: Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, Imports: Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, Gems and Semiprecious stonesGems and Semiprecious stones
Exports: Cotton, Copper, Ivory, Pearls Exports: Cotton, Copper, Ivory, Pearls and Semiprecious stones, Timberand Semiprecious stones, Timber
Trading Partners: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Trading Partners: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, AnatoliaPersia, Anatolia
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Early Harappan Religion Polytheistic Strong Connection to Government Importance of Fertility Many gods survive in Hindu
Pantheon
1111
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Harappan Decline Gradual decline Ecological Degradation Deforestation --> Desertification Possible Geographic Catastrophe
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Indo European MigrationsIndo European MigrationsThe AryansThe Aryans
- More Pastoral Than Agricultural- More Pastoral Than Agricultural+ role of iron+ role of iron- Cattle = Wealth- Cattle = Wealth- No Writing- No Writing
Political StructurePolitical Structure- Chiefdoms - Chiefdoms Regional Kingdoms Regional Kingdoms
Social StructureSocial Structure- Very Rigid- Very Rigid- Lawbook of Manu- Lawbook of Manu- PATRIARCHAL (Ritual of Sati)- PATRIARCHAL (Ritual of Sati)
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Religion in the Vedic Age Religion in the Vedic Age (1500-500 BCE)(1500-500 BCE)
HINDUISMHINDUISM Fusion of Aryan and Dravidian BeliefsFusion of Aryan and Dravidian Beliefs Reincarnation/Karma/DharmaReincarnation/Karma/Dharma Brahman - MokshaBrahman - Moksha ETHICSETHICS Ritual SacrificesRitual Sacrifices
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Evolution of Religious Evolution of Religious Beliefs/PracticesBeliefs/Practices
Brahman – MokshaBrahman – Moksha UpanishadsUpanishads
Increased SpiritualityIncreased Spirituality Asceticism + MeditationAsceticism + Meditation
Caste SystemCaste System Rigid Social Class StructureRigid Social Class Structure Changed Over TimeChanged Over Time
Evolves with SocietyEvolves with Society Led to Great Social StabilityLed to Great Social Stability
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Shiva as Nataraja Shiva as Nataraja
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BrahmaBrahma
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VishnuVishnu
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AUMAUM
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““All is Well”All is Well”