Chapter 4 Consultation and Coordinationa123.g.akamai.net/7/123/11558/abc123/forestservic... ·...

Chapter 4 Consultation and Coordination

Preparers The Forest Service consulted the following individuals, Federal, State, and local agencies, tribes and non-Forest Service persons during the development of this environmental assessment:

ID Team Members:

Name Title Role Anderson, Carl Forestry Technician, Missoula RD Missoula RD Weed Coordinator

Applegate, Vic Lolo NF Ecologist Forest Vegetation / Ecology Analysis

Bacon, Sydney Archaeologist Heritage Resources Analysis Beckes, Barbara Program Officer for Planning Project Staff Officer

Blackburn, Jim Forestry Technician, Seeley Lake RD Seeley Lake RD Weed Coordinator

Blackburn, Lisa GPS/GIS Specialist, East Zone Lolo Maps Burwasser, Jim Forester, Superior RD Superior RD Weed Coordinator

Casselli, Elizabeth Lolo NF Landscape Architect/Recreation Specialist

Recreation / Roadless / Wilderness Analysis

Domsalla, Ryan Resource Forester, Ninemile RD Ninemile RD Weed Coordinator

Errecart, John Acting Lolo NF Ecologist, Plains/Thompson Falls RD

Forest Vegetation / Ecology and Plains RD Weed Coordinator

Kratville, Sandy Lolo NF Wildlife Biologist Wildlife Analysis

Kulla, Andy Lolo NF Weed Program Leader

ID Team Leader, Weeds, Social Environment, Range, Roads Analysis

Mcleod, C. Milo Lolo NF Archaeologist Heritage Resources analysis Millar, Sarah Forestry Technician, Missoula RD Tables, Figures and Editing Niccolucci, Mike Region One Economist Economics Analysis Pike, Lynda Writer / Editor, East Zone Lolo Editor Rice, Peter Botanist/Plant Ecologist, U of M TES Plants/Botany Analysis Riggers, Brian Lolo NF Fisheries Biologist Fisheries Analysis Rosquist, Skip Lolo NF Hydrologist Soil and Water Analysis Steve Shelley Region One Botanist Botany Analysis Stadler, Don Lolo East Zone NEPA Specialist NEPA Coordinator Tomson, Scott Acting Lolo NF Wildlife Biologist Wildlife Analysis

Agencies, Organizations, Businesses and People NotifiedAgencies

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Colorado State University Library Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8 Federal Aviation Administration, NW Mountain Region Flathead County Commissioners Flathead County Weed District Granite County Commissioners Granite County Weed District Granite County Extension Idaho Dept. of Agriculture Lake County Commissioners Lake County Weed District Lewis and Clark County Commissioners Lewis and Clark County Weed District Mineral County Commissioners Mineral County Weed District Missoula County Commissioners Missoula County Weed District Missoula Parks and Recreation Montana State Highway Administration Mt. Dept. of Fish Wildlife and Parks Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Environmental Coordinator Northwest Power Planning Council Powell County Commissioners Powell County Weed District Ravalli County Commissioners Ravalli County Weed District Sanders County Commissioners Sanders County Weed District Sula Ranger District University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences US Army Engr., Northwestern Division US Coast Guard, Environmental Mgmt. US Department of Energy, Office of NEPA Policy and Compliance. US Department of Interior, Office of Environmental Policy and Compliance US Environmental Protection Agency USDA APHIS PPD/EAD USDA, National Agriculture Library

Organizations/Businesses:

Chemical Injury Comm. Net

Citizens for a Weed Free Future Four Rivers Shuttle Friends of Pattee Canyon Missoula County Redevelopment Missoula Outdoor Learning Mormon Creek Weed Group Open Space Outback Rides Parson’s Pony Rides Westech WildWest Institute Woodland Restoration Weed Management Services Westech

People:

Artley, Dick Birch, Joan Brown, Jim and Sue Canton-Thompson, Janie Childers, Ed Corti, Dan Doyle, Kevin Edholm, Ed Garner, Dwayne Goldberg, Stuart Henry, Teresa Hillis, Mike Knudsen, Kathy Linder, Bert Livingston, Don McInnis, Logan Miller, Charles Moore, Vicki and Jane Olson, Duane Peterson, Tom Reiter, Sharon Ryan, Meggan Swingendorf, Joyce Tawney, David Thibodeau, Gwen Thomas, William Tweedale, Tony Voermans, Margo Wegener, Gloria and Michael Whitesitt, David

02 Final Integrated Weed Management EIS

Wilson, Sara

Literature Cited

Introduction The references listed here are inclusive of all references used during the analysis. Not all of these are necessarily referenced in the Integrated Weed Management EIS, but are included in the individual specialist’s reports contained in the Project File.

Weeds Borrecco, J. and J. Neisess, 1991. Risk Assessment for the impurities 2-butoxyethanol and 1,4-dioxane found in Garlon 4 and Roundup herbicide formulations. USDA FS PSW Region, Forest Pest Management. Report # R91-2. 33 pp.

Callaway, R.M., DeLuca, T. and W.M. Belliveau, 1999. Ecology, 80(4):1196-1201.

Cousens, R. and M. Mortimer, 1995. Dynamics of Weed Populations. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, Great Britain.

Duncan, C.A, Brown, M. and M.B. Halstvedt, 1999. Cost and Efficacy of Spotted knapweed Management with Integrated Methods, Report from Weed Management Services, Helena, MT.

Henry, C., 1998. Mormon Ridge Elk Winter Range Restoration Project. Techline. August. 11 pp.

Hoopes, C., 2005. Noxious Weed Pre and Post Test Telephone Surveys 1994, 2002, 2005, Comparative Charts. Final report submitted to Carla Hoopes, Montana State Weed Education Project Coordinator, March 7, 2005. 24 pp.

Kott, R., 2005. Montana State University Sheep Institute Progress Report, 2004 Summary.

Kott, R., 2005. Sheep Grazing and Leafy Spurge Control, Montana Sheep Institute Bulletin. August. 20 pp.

Losensky, J.B., 1987. An evaluation of noxious weeds on the Lolo, Bitterroot and Flathead Forests. Unpublished Report. On file at Lolo National Forest, Missoula, MT 59804. pg. 64

Marler, M., 2004. Response of an Idaho fescue grassland to hand pulling and Tordon for control of spotted knapweed. Report to Missoula Parks and Recreation.

Marler, M., 2004. Response of Mt. Jumbo grasslands to integrated control of St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum) from 1999-2004. Report to Missoula Parks and Recreation.

Mueggler, W.F. and W.L. Stewart, 1980. Grassland and shrub land habitat types of Western Montana, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-66, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 154 pp.

Literature Cited

Ortega, Y.K., 2005. Winter Range Restoration on the Lolo National Forest: Monitoring Vegetation Response to Herbicide Treatments, Rocky Mountain Research Station, FSL, Missoula, MT.

Rice, P., 2005. Gibbons Pass Spray Monitoring Plot Report For 2005.

Rice, P. and R.S. Cochran, 2005. Winter Range Weed Treatment and Monitoring, Lolo National Forest: Second Year Post-Treatment.

Rice, P. and M. Harrington, 2003. The Impact of Prescribed Fire Following Either Herbicide or Thinning Treatments on Bunchgrass and Forested Ecosystems. In: Rice, P., Lavelle, D. and Greenlee, J., 2003. USDA, Monitoring Analysis of Mormon Ridge Plant Community Plots (1996-2000).

Sawmill Creek Research Natural Area, FY 2003 Final Report, Agreement Number 02-JV-11222048-141. 43 pp.

USDA, Lolo National Forest, 1996. Hayes Creek Biological Control Monitoring Photo points.

USDA, Lolo National Forest, 1998. Strawberry Ridge Biological Control Monitoring Photo points.

USDA Forest Service, 1996. Mormon Ridge Big Game Winter Range Restoration. Environmental Impact Statement. Lolo National Forest, Missoula, MT.

USDA Forest Service, 1980. Visual Character Types of the Northern Region.

USDA Forest Service, 1997. Upper Columbia River Basin Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Forest Service Intermountain and Northern Regions and USDI Bureau of Land Management, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah and Wyoming.

USDA, Agricultural Research Service Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, 2002. Multi-Species Grazing and Leafy Spurge. A product of the USDA ARS TEAM Leafy Spurge Area-Wide IPM Program. 28 pp.

Weed Web Sites Cited: Invader Database, weed presence in Montana, http://invader.dbs.umt.edu

USDA Forest Service, Evaluating Risk to Native Plant Communities from Selected Exotic Plant Species (http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/cohesive_strategy/datafr.htm

USDA Forest Service, Lolo National Forest web site, weed characteristics, http://fsweb.lolo.r1.fs.fed.us/silv/noxious-weeds/index.shtml

http://ag.montana.edu/warc/biocontrol_agents_of_knapweed.htm

Page 204 Final Integrated Weed Management EIS

http://nris.state.mt.us/interactive.html

http://invader.dbs.umt.edu/

http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/cohesive_strategy/datafr.htm

http://fsweb.lolo.r1.fs.fed.us/silv/noxious-weeds/index.shtml

http://ag.montana.edu/warc/biocontrol_agents_of_knapweed.htm

http://nris.state.mt.us/interactive.html

Literature Cited

http://maps2.nris.mt.gov/mapper/ThemeList.asp?Profile=2088894&qLayer1=USFSDISTRICT&qField1=Forest&qValue1=Lolo&Oper1=&Buffer1=0&TabName=Land%20Information

http://agr.state.mt.us/weedpest/pdf/2005weedPlan.pdf

Sheep Information Olson, B.E., Wallander, R.T. and Lacey, J.R., 1997. Effects of sheep grazing on a spotted knapweed infested Idaho fescue community. Journal of Range Management, 50:386-390.

Olson, B.E. and Wallander, R.T., 1997. Biomass and carbohydrates of spotted knapweed and Idaho fescue after repeated grazing. Journal of Range Management, 50:409-412.

Olson, B.E., Wallander, R.T. and Kott, R.W., 1997. Recovery of leafy spurge seed from sheep. Journal of Range Management, 50:10-15.

Olson, B.E., and Wallander, R.T., 1998. Effects of sheep grazing on a leafy spurge-infested Idaho fescue community. Journal of Range Management, 51:247-252.

Olson, B.E., and Wallander, R.T., 2003. Comparing Indicators of Sheep Grazing Leafy Spurge and Perennial Grasses. Sheep and Goat Research Journal, 18:101-108.

Wallander, R.T., Olson, B.E. and Lacy, J.R., 1995. Spotted knapweed viability after passing through sheep and mule deer. Journal of Range Management, 48:145-149.

Forest Vegetation Asher, J., Dewey, S., Johnson, C. and J. Olivarez, 1999. Protecting Relatively Uninfested Lands: Reducing Weed Spread Following Fire. Tech Line (2004):2-3.

Brewer, K.C., Berlund, D., Barber, J.A. and R. Bush, 2004. Northern Region Vegetation Mapping Project Summary Report and Spatial Datasets. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Lolo National Forest, Missoula, MT. 61 pp.

Jones, J., 2004. Potential Natural Vegetation Types. Northern Region Cohesive Strategy Team.

Krogstad, D., 2005. Mapping of Lolo National Forest Potential Natural Vegetation Type Groups and Forest Dominance Types. GIS for Western Montana Planning Zone. Data available at the Lolo National Forest Supervisor’s office, Fort Missoula, Missoula, MT.

Lackschewitz, K., 1991. Vascular Plants of West-Central Montana-Identification Handbook. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-277. Intermountain Research Station. Ogden, Utah. 648 pp.

Final Integrated Weed Management EIS Page 205

Pfister, R.D., Kovalchik, B.L., Arno, S.F. and R. Presby, 1977. Forest Habitat Types of Montana. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report INT-34. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Ogden, Utah. 174 pp.

http://agr.state.mt.us/weedpest/pdf/2005weedPlan.pdf

Literature Cited

Rice, P.M. and J.C. Toney, 1997. Exotic Weed Control Treatments for Conservation of Fescue Grasslands in Montana. Biological Conservation, 85 (1998):83-95.

Sheley, R., Petroff, J. and M., Borman, 1999. Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds.

Sheley, R., Manoukian, M. and G. Mark, 2004. Preventing Noxious Weed Invasion. Montana State University Extension Service, A-5. 3 pp.

Tatum, V.L., 2004. Toxicity, transport and fate of forest herbicides. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 32(4):1042-1048.

Fish Johnson, W. W. and M. T. Finley. 1980. Handbook of acute toxicity of chemicals to fish and aquatic invertebrates. US Dept. of Interior FWS, Resource Publication 137.

Lacey, J.R., Marlow, C.B. and J.R. Lane, 1989. Influence of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) on surface runoff and sediment yield. Weed Technology, 3:627-631.

US Department of Energy (USDOE), 2000. Chlorsulfuron: herbicide fact sheet. Prepared by US Department of Energy – Bonneville Power Administration.

USDOE-Bonneville Power Administration. 2000. 2, 4-D: Herbicide Fact Sheet. Bonneville Power Administration:

USGS Open-File Report. 2003. Reconnaissance data for glyphosate, other selected herbicides, their degradation products, and antibiotics in 51 streams in nine Midwestern states, 2002.

SERA 1997. Selected commercial formulations of hexazinone - human health and ecological risk assessment. Submitted to the USDA FS by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 3-28-3-33

SERA 1998. Human health and ecological risk assessment for 2,4-D. Submitted to the USDA FS by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc.

SERA 2001a. 2,4-D worksheets for human health and ecological risk assessments. Submitted to the USDA FS by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 38-41

SERA 2001b. Hexazinone – worksheets for human health and ecological risk assessments. Submitted to the USDA FS by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 42-45

SERA 2001c. Preparation of environmental documentation and risk assessments. Prepared by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc.


SERA 2003a. Glyphosate - human health and ecological risk assessment. Submitted to the USDA Forest Service by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 3-47-3-61

Literature Cited

SERA 2003b. Chlorsulfuron - human health and ecological risk assessment. Submitted to the USDA FS by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 3-22-3-30.

SERA 2003c. Picloram - human health and ecological risk assessment. Submitted to the USDA FS by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 3-33-3-37.

SERA 2003d. Picloram (Tordon 22 and 22K) – worksheets for human health and ecological risk assessments. Submitted to the USDA FS by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc.

SERA 2003e. Triclopyr - human health and ecological risk assessment. Submitted to the USDA FS by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 3-29-3-34, 3-50-3-51

SERA 2004a. Chlorsulfuron – worksheets for human health and ecological risk assessments. Submitted to the USDA Forest Service by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 38-41

SERA 2004b. Clopyralid - human health and ecological risk assessment. Submitted to the USDA Forest Service by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 3-33-3-38

SERA 2004c. Clopyralid – worksheets for human health and ecological risk assessments. Submitted to the USDA Forest Service by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 43-46

SERA 2004d. Hexachlorobenzene as an impurity in clopyralid – worksheets for human health and ecological risk assessments. Submitted to the USDA FS by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 37-40

SERA 2004e. Dicamba - human health and ecological risk assessment. Submitted to the USDA Forest Service by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 3-29-3-32

SERA 2004f. Dicamba - worksheets for human health and ecological risk assessments. Submitted to the USDA Forest Service by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 43-46

SERA 2004g. Imazapic - human health and ecological risk assessment. Submitted to the USDA FS by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 3-22-3-25

SERA 2004h. Imazapic – worksheets for human health and ecological risk assessments. Submitted to the USDA FS by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 43-46

SERA 2004i. Imazapyr - human health and ecological risk assessment. Submitted to the USD A FS by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 3-25-3-28


SERA 2004j. Imazapyr – worksheets for human health and ecological risk assessments. Submitted to the USDA Forest Service by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 43-46

Literature Cited

SERA 2004k. Metsulfuron methyl - human health and ecological risk assessment. Submitted to the USDA Forest Service by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 3-23-3-25

SERA 2004l. Metsulfuron methyl - worksheets for human health and ecological risk assessments. Submitted to the USDA Forest Service by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 38-41

SERA 2004m. Sulfometuron methyl - human health and ecological risk assessment. Submitted to the USDA FS by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 3-25-3-28.

SERA 2004n. Sulfometuron methyl – worksheets for human health and ecological risk assessments. Submitted to the USDA FS by Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. p. 38-41

USDA Forest Service, 1986. Lolo National Forest Plan. Lolo National Forest, Missoula, MT.

USDA Forest Service, 1991. Final Environmental Impact Statement, Noxious Weed Management, Amendment to Lolo National Forest Plan. Lolo National Forest, Missoula, MT.

USDA Forest Service, 2000. Section 7 Consultation Watershed Baseline, Middle Clark Fork River. Prepared by the Lolo National Forest. Lolo National Forest, Missoula, MT.

USDI Forest Service, 1991. Lolo National Forest Plan, Amendment 11.

USDA Forest Service. 1992. Risk Assessment for Herbicide Use in Forest Service Regions 1, 2, 3, 4, and 10 and on Bonneville Power Administration Sites.

Fish Websites Cited: Monsanto. 2001. Material Safety Data Sheet. Monsanto Company, St. Louis Mo. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/pesticide/data/Rodeo_msds.pdf

http://www.efw.bpa.gov/portal/Organizations/Government/Federal/Dept_of_Energy/BPA/Environment/NEPA/Vegetation/appenH.pdf. Also Fact sheets for Chlorsulfuron, Clopyralid, Dicamba, Glyphosate, Hexazinone, Imazapyr, Metsulfuron-methyl, Picloram, Sulfometuron, Triclopyr.

USDA Forest Service. Lolo National Forest Fisheries Webpage. http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/lolo/resources-natural/fish

Threatened and Endangered Species-Plants


Allen, Edith B.; Cox, R. D.; Tennant, T.; Kee S.N.; Deutschman, D. H. 2005. Landscape restoration in southern California forblands: Response of abandoned farmland to invasive annual grass control. Israel Journal of Plant Science. 53(3-4): 237-245.

http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/pesticide/data/Rodeo_msds.pdf

http://www.efw.bpa.gov/portal/Organizations/Government/Federal/Dept_of_Energy/BPA/Environment/NEPA/Vegetation/appenH.pdf

http://www.efw.bpa.gov/portal/Organizations/Government/Federal/Dept_of_Energy/BPA/Environment/NEPA/Vegetation/appenH.pdf

http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/lolo/resources-natural/fish

Literature Cited

Baer, Sara G.; Groninger, John W. 2004. Herbicide and tillage effects on volunteer vegetation composition and diversity during reforestation . Restoration Ecology. 12(2): 258-267.

Bedunah, Donald J.; Carpenter, Jeffrey L. 1989. Plant community response following spotted knapweed control (Centaurea maculosa) on three elk winter ranges in western Montana. In: Fay, P. K., and Lacey, J. R., eds. Proceedings: Knapweed Symposium Proceedings EB45 Bozeman, MT. Bozeman MT: Plant and Soil Science Department and Extension Service, Montana State University: p 205-212.

Belcher, Joyce W.; Wilson, Scott D. 1989. Leafy spurge and the species composition of a mixed-grass prairie. Journal of Range Management. 42(2): 172-175.

Brandon, Alice L.; Gibson, David J.; Middleton, Beth A. 2004. Mechanisms for dominance in an early successional old field by the invasive non-native Lespedeza Cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don. Biological Invasions. 6(4): 483-493.

Carlsen, Tina M.; Menke, John W.; Pavlik, Bruce M. 2000. Reducing competitive suppression of a rare annual forb by restoring native California perennial grasslands8: 18-29.

Carlson, Adriane M.; Gorchov, David L. 2004. Effects of herbicide on the invasive biennial Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) and initial responses of native plants in a southwestern Ohio forest. Restoration Ecology. 12(4): 559-567.

Daubenmire, Rexford. 1968. Plant communities: a textbook of plant synecology. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. 300 p.

DiTomaso, Joseph M.; Marcum, Daniel B.; Rasmussen, Michelle S.; Healy, Evelyn A.; Kyser, Guy B. 1997. Post-fire herbicide sprays enhance native plant diversity . California Agriculture. 51: 6-11.

Erickson, A. M.; Lym, Rodney G.; Kirby, D. R. 2006. Effect of herbicides for leafy spurge control on the western prairie fringed orchid. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 59(5): 462-467.

Erskine, Jennifer; Rejmanek, Marcel. 2001. Changes in plant community structure following the removal of a dominant perennial invasive species. Proceedings: ESA 2001 Annual Meeting

Getsinger, K. D.; Turner, E. G.; Madsen, J. D.; Netherland, M. D. 1997. Restoring native vegetation in a Eurasian water milfoil-dominated plant community using the herbicide triclopyr . Regulated Rivers Research and Management. 13(4): 357-375.

Grime JP. 1979. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. New York: Wiley.


Hansen, Paul L.; Pfister, Robert D.; Boggs, Keith; Cook, Bradley J.; Joy, John; Hinckley, Dan K. 1995. Classification and management of Montana's riparian and wetland sites Volume Misc. Pub. 54. School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812: Montana

Literature Cited

Forest and Conservation Experiment Station: Miscellaneous Publication No. 54. xvi + 646 pp.

Kedzie-Webb, S. A.; Sheley, Roger L.; Borkowski, John J.; Jacobs, James S. 2001. Relationships between Centaurea maculosa and indigenous plant assemblages. Western North American Naturalist. 61(1): 43-49.

Kedzie-Webb, Susan A.; Sheley, Roger L.; Borkowski, John J. 2002. Predicting plant community response to picloram. Journal of Range Management. 55(6): 573-583.

Kirby, D. R.; Lym, R. G.; Sterling, J. J.; Sieg, C. H. 2003. Observation: Leafy spurge control in western prairie fringed orchid habitat. Journal of Range Management. 56(5): 466-473.

Knezevic, Stevan Z.; Smith, Doug; Kulm, Ralph; Doty, Don; Kinkaid, Dick; Goodrich, Mick; Stolcpart, Rod. 2004. Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) control with herbicides: single-year application. Weed Technology. 18: 1255-1260.

Kulla, A., 2006. Lolo National Forest Weed Coordinator. Personal Communication.

Laufenberg, Stephen; Sheley, Roger L.; Jacobs, James S. 2002. Restoring species diversity and richness along river bottom areas using herbicides. Proceedings: ESA 2002 Annual Meeting

Laufenberg, Stephen; Sheley, Roger L.; Jacobs, James S.; Borkowski, John. 2005. Herbicide effects on density and biomass of russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens) and associated plant species. Weed Technology. 19(1): 62-72.

Lavelle, D., 2006. Lolo National Forest Botanist. Personal Communication.

Lavorel, Sandra; Lepart, Jacques; Debussche, Max; Lebreton, Jean-Dominique; Beffy, Jean-Luc. 1994. Small scale disturbances and the maintenance of species diversity in Mediterranean old fields. Oikos. 70(3): 455-473.

Lesica, Peter; Shelly, Stephen J. 1996. Competitive effects of Centaurea maculosa on the population dyamics of Arabis fecunda. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 123(2): 111-121.

Miller, James H.; Boyd, Robert S.; Edwards, M. B. 1999. Floristic diversity, stand structure, and composition 11 years after herbicide site preparation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 29: 1073-1083.

Mitchell, William W. 1958. An ecological study of the grasslands in the region of Missoula, Montana Missoula: University of Montana (MSU). 111p


Mueggler, W. F.; Stewart, W. L. 1980. Grassland and shrubland habitat types of western Montana. Ogden, UT: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report INT-66. Peter has a copy on the shelf. 154 p.

Literature Cited

Ortega, Y.K., 2005. Winter range restoration on the Lolo National Forest: Vegetation response to herbicide treatments. Unpublished report for the Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT. 11pp.

Ortega, Yvette K.; Pearson, Dean E. 2005. Weak versus strong invaders of natural plant communities: assessing invasibility and impact. Ecological Applications. 15(2): 651-661.

Pavlik, Bruce M.; Nickrent, Daniel L.; Howald, Ann M. 1993. The recovery of an endangered plant. I. Creating a new population of Amsinckia grandiflora . Conservation Biology. 7(3): 510-526.

Pfister, Robert D.; Kovalchik, Bernard L.; Arno, Stephen F.; Presby, Richard C. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. Ogden, UT: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report INT-34. Peter has a copy on the shelf. 174 p.

Randall, John M. 1996. Weed control for the preservation of biological diversity. Weed Technology. 10(2): 370-383.

Reever Morghan, Kimberly J.; Leger, Elizabeth A.; Rice, Kevin J. 2003. Clopyralid effects on yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) and nontarget species. Weed Science. 51(4): 596-600.

Rice, K. J. 1989. Impact of seed banks on grassland community structure and population dynamics. In: Leck, Mary A.; Parker. V. Thomas; Simpson, Robert L., eds. Ecology of soil seed banks. Volume Chapter 10. San Diego: Academic Press: 211-230.

Rice, P.M and J.C. Toney, 1996. Plant population responses to broadcast herbicide applications for Spotted Knapweed control. Down to Earth, 51. 6 pp.

Rice, P.M. and J.C. Toney, 1998. Exotic weed control treatments for conservation of fescue grassland in Montana. Biological Conservation, 85:83-95.

Rice, P.M. and M.G. Harrington, 2003. The impact of prescribed fire following either herbicide or thinning treatments on bunchgrass and forest ecosystems in the Sawmill Creek Research Natural Area. FY 2003 Final report to the Forest Service. Agreement #02-JV-11222048-141. 43 pp.

Rice, P.M. and M.G. Harrington, 2005. Stabilization of plant communities after integrated picloram and fire treatments. FY 2005 Final report to the Forest Service. Agreement #03-CA-11011600-029. 71 pp.

Rice, P.M. and R.S. Cochran, 2005. Winter range weed treatment and monitoring, Lolo National Forest: Second year post-treatment. Monitoring report for the Lolo National Forest, Missoula, MT. 19 pp.


Rice, P.M., 2005. Gibbons Pass Spray Monitoring Report for 2005. Monitoring report for the Lolo National Forest, Missoula, MT. 6 pp.

Literature Cited

Rice, P.M., Bedunah, D.J. and C.E. Carlson, 1992. Plant community diversity after herbicide control of Spotted Knapweed. Research Paper INT-460. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. 6 pp.

Rice, P.M., Toney, J.C., Bedunah, D.J. and C.E. Carlson, 1997. Elk winter forage enhancement by herbicide control of Spotted Knapweed. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 25(3):627-633. 19 pp.

Rice, P.M., Toney, J.C., Bedunah, D.J. and C.E. Carlson, 1997a. Plant community diversity and growth form responses to herbicide applications for control of Centaurea maculosa. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34:1397-1412.

Rice, Peter M. 2006. Gibbons Pass spray monitoring plot report for 2006. Hamilton, MT: Bitterroot National Forest. 9p

Rice, Peter M.; Gauer, Steven. 2007. Winter range weed treatment and monitoring, Lolo National Forest: pre-spray through fourth year post-treatment results (2002-2006). Missoula, MT: Lolo National Forest & University of Montana Division of Biological Sciences. Agreement #06-CS-11011600-026. 34p

Rice, Peter M.; Harrington, Michael G. 2003. The impact of prescribed fire following either herbicide or thinning treatments on bunchgrass and forested ecosystems in the Sawmill Creek Research Natural Area. Missoula, MT: USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station Fire Sciences Laboratory & University of Montana Division of Biological Sciences. FY 2003 Final Report Agreement # 02-JV-11222048-141. 43p

Rice, Peter M.; Harrington, Michael G. 2005. Integration of herbicides and prescribed burning for plant community restoration. Missoula, MT: USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station Fire Sciences Laboratory & University of Montana Division of Biological Sciences. Final Report P.A. Nu. 01-PA-11222048-172 Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (PIAP) Project Number RM-6. 71 p

Rice, Peter M.; Harrington, Michael G. 2006. The impact of prescribed fire following either herbicide or thinning treatments on bunchgrass and forested ecosystems in the Sawmill Creek Research Natural Area. Missoula MT: USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station Fire Sciences Laboratory & University of Montana Division of Biological Sciences. Progress Report for Sampling Through 2006, Agreement # 02-JV-11222048-141. 19p

Rice, Peter M.; Toney, J. C. 1996. Plant population responses to broadcast herbicide applications for spotted knapweed control. Down to Earth. 51(2): 14-19.

Rice, Peter M.; Toney, J. C. 1998. Exotic weed control treatments for conservation of fescue grassland in Montana. Biological Conservation. 85: 83-95.


Rice, Peter M.; Toney, J. C.; Bedunah, Donald J.; Carlson, Clinton E. 1997. Plant community diversity and growth form responses to herbicide applications for control of Centaurea maculosa. Journal of Applied Ecology. 34: 1397-1412.

Literature Cited

Ristau, Todd; Horsley, Stephen. 2002. Impact of chemical control of native invasive plants on understory diversity in northern hardwood forests. Proceedings: ESA 2002 Annual Meeting Tucson, AZ.

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Ruggiero, L., Aubry, K., Buskirk, S., Lyon, L., and W. Zielinski, tech editors, 1994b. The Scientific Basis for Conserving Forest Carnivores: American Marten, Fisher, Lynx, and Wolverine in the Western United States. General Technical Report RM-254. Ft. Collins, CO. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 184 pp.

Samson, F.B., 2005. A Conservation assessment of the northern goshawk, black-backed woodpecker, flammulated owl, and pileated woodpecker in the Northern Region, USDA Forest Service. Unpublished. Northern Region, Missoula, MT.







Literature Cited

















Literature Cited





Servheen, C., 1993. Grizzly bear recovery plan. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Missoula, MT. 181 pp.

Shackelford, C.E, and R. N. Conner, 1997. Woodpecker abundance and habitat use in three forest types in eastern Texas. Wilson Buttetin, 109:132-141.

Sweeney, P., WMPZ Wildlife Biologist, Personal Communication.

Sweeney, P., 2005. Lolo National Forest Species List.

Thiel, R.P., 1978. The status of the timber wolf in Wisconsin, 1975. Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. 66:186-194

Thompson, M.J., 1996.Winter foraging response of elk to spotted knapweed removal. Northwest Science, 70(1):10-19.

Toweill, D.E. and J.W. Thomas, eds., 2002. North American Elk: Ecology and Management. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C. 962 pp.

Trammel, M. and J. Butler, 1995. Effects of exotic plants on native ungulate use of habitat. Journal of Wildlife Management, 59(4):808-816.

USDA Forest Service, 1986. Lolo National Forest Plan. Missoula, MT.

USDA Forest Service, Lolo National Forest, 1990, 1993-1995, 2003-2005. Flammulated Owl Surveys.

USDA, Forest Service, 1992a. Interim management recommendations - sensitive species. Region 1. Missoula, MT. 18 pp.


USDA Forest Service, 1992b. Risk assessment for herbicide use in Forest Service Regions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 10 and on Bonneville Power Administration sites. USDA Forest Service Contract #53-3187-9-30.

Literature Cited

USDA Forest Service, 2001. Big Game Winter Range and Burned Area Weed Management on the Lolo National Forest. Missoula, MT.

USDA Forest Service, et al., 2002. Grizzly Bear Distribution Outside Recovery Zones, Map Development process. Unpublished. Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT. 2 pp.

USDA Forest Service, 2004. Biological Assessment for Grizzly Bears that Occur Outside the Northern Continental Divide Recovery Zone. Lolo National Forest. 27 pp.

USDA Forest Service, 2005. Summary of herbicide effects to wildlife-draft. Appendix P in Invasive Plant Final Environmental Impact Statement. Region 6, Portland, OR.

USDA Forest Service, Lolo National Forest, 2004. Biological Assessment for Grizzly Bears that Occur Outside the Northern Continental Divide Recovery Zone. Lolo National Forest. 27 pp.

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1984. American Peregrine Falcon Recovery Plan (Rocky Mountain Southwest Population). Rocky Mountain/Southwest Peregrine Falcon Recovery Team. USFWS, Denver, CO. 105 pp.

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1986. (see BALD EAGLES).

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1987. Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, CO. 119 pp.

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993. The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho. Final Environmental Impact Statement. Helena, MT.

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996. Incidental Take Statement. Amendment to the 1982 biological opinion on the Lolo National Forest Plan. Helena Field Office, Helena, MT. 12 pp.

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service, and USDA Wildlife Services, 2003. Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2002 Annual Report. T. Meier, ed. USFWS, Ecological Services, 100 N. Park, Suite 320, Helena, MT. 64 pp.

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service, 2004. Amendment to the 1982 Biological Opinion on the Effects of the Lolo National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan on Grizzly Bears. Montana Field Office, Helena, MT. 57 pp.

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001. Amendment to the 1982 Biological Opinion on the Effects of the Lolo National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan on Grizzly Bears. 52 pp.

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service, 2005a. Threatened, Endangered and Candidate Species for the Lolo National Forest 9/14/05.

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service, 2005b. The Gray Wolf Recovery Weekly Progress Report, September 5, 2005.


USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service, 2005d.

Literature Cited

Werner, J.K., Maxell, B.A., Hendricks, P. and D.L. Flath, 2004. Amphibians and Reptiles of Montana. Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, MT. 262 pp.

West, S.D., 1999. Northern bog lemming/Synaptomys borealis. In: The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Wilson, D.E. and S. Ruff, eds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. pg. 655-656.

Wildlife Websites Cited: Bautista, 2005. www.fs.fed.us/r6/invasiveplant-eis/FEIS.htm

Durkin, P., 2001. 2,4-D Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment prepared for the USDA Forest Service. Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. Fayetteville, NY. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/pesticide/risk.htm

Montana Natural Heritage Program, Natural Resource Information System, Animal Guide. http://fwp.mt.gov/fieldguide/

Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 2005. http://fwp.state.mt.us/wildthings/tande/baldeagle.html

Northern Region Landbird Monitoring Program http://avianscience.dbs.umt.edu/research_landbird.htm

Syracuse Environmental Research Associates. 2005. Inc. www.sera-inc.com

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service, 2005c. The Gray Wolf Recovery Annual Report. http://www.r6.fws.gov/wolf/annualrpt04/

USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service, 2005d. Mountain-Prairie Region, Endangered Species Program, Grizzly Bear Recovery. http://mountain-prairie.fws.gov/species/mammals/grizzly/

www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/pesticide

Economics Hirsch, S.A. and J.A. Leitch, 1996. The impact of Knapweed on Montana’s Economy. Ag. Economic Report # 355. Department of Ag. Econ., Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota University, Fargo, ND. 43 pp.

IMPLAN Professional Users Guide, 2004. IMPLAN Professional, Version 2.0, Social Accounting and Impact Analysis Software. Minnesota IMPLAN Group, Inc. 414 pp.

Maki, W.R. and R.W. Lichty, 2000. Urban Regional Economics: Concepts, Tools, Applications. Blackwell Publishing: Ames, IA. 512 pp.


http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/invasiveplant-eis/FEIS.htm

http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/pesticide/risk.htm

http://fwp.mt.gov/fieldguide/

http://fwp.state.mt.us/wildthings/tande/baldeagle.html

http://avianscience.dbs.umt.edu/research_landbird.htm

http://www.sera-inc.com/

http://www.r6.fws.gov/wolf/annualrpt04/

http://mountain-prairie.fws.gov/species/mammals/grizzly/

http://mountain-prairie.fws.gov/species/mammals/grizzly/


Glossary Acute Toxicity. The toxicity of a material determined at the tend of 24 hours; toxicity that causes injury or death from a single dose or exposure.

Bioaccumulation. The retention of a toxin in animal tissue which then concentrates further with each step up the food chain.

BMU. Bear Management Units equate to the size of a female grizzly home range and are used as the geographic area upon which to demonstrate and analyze the effects of management activities.

Broadcast Application. Herbicides are sprayed through a boom over a swath at least 12 feet wide.

Calcareous Substrate. Soil containing calcium carbonate. Technically, soil containing sufficient free CaCO3and other carbonates to effervesce visibly or audibly when treated with cold 0.1M HCl.

Chronic Toxicity. The toxicity of a material determined beyond 24 hours and usually after several weeks of exposure.

Core Area. An area that provides secure grizzly bear habitat because all motorized traffic is restricted on the roads within core.

Endangered Species. Species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

Fen. Wetlands characterized by continuous sources of ground water, often rich in magnesium and calcium.

Hazard Quotient (HQ). The relationship between the estimated dose (the amount of herbicide received from a particular exposure scenario) and the reference dose (RfD).

Hybridization. To interbreed.

Integrated Weed Management (IWM). The deliberate selection, integration, and implementation of effective weed control measures with due consideration of economic, ecologic, and sociological consequences.

LC50. A lethal concentration for 50 percent of the test organisms. A value used in presenting toxicities for aquatic organisms expressed as milligrams of toxicant per liter of water (mg/L).

LD50. A lethal dose for 50 percent of the test organisms. The dose of toxicant producing 50 percent mortality in a population. A value used in presenting mammalian toxicity, usually oral toxicity, expressed as milligrams of toxicant per kilogram of body weight *mg/kg).

Management Indicator Species (MIS). Represent a group of species that share common habitat components required for sustained growth and successful reproduction. Effects of

Glossary

management activities on the indicator species represent the effects on the group of species that share similar habitat requirements.

MFWP. Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks. The state agency responsible for managing wildlife populations in Montana.

Mitigation. Actions to avoid, minimize, reduce, eliminate, replace, or rectify the impact of a management practice.

MNHP. Montana Natural Heritage Program. A private non-profit organization that collects and stores data on species of concern in Montana.

Montane Zone. The biogeographic zone of relatively moist cool upland slopes below timberline dominated by large coniferous trees.

NOAEL. No observable adverse effect level.

NRIS FAUNA. A Forest Service data base that stores observations and surveys of terrestrial wildlife species.

OMRD. Open Motorized Route Density. A measure of road density that is used to monitor and limit the effects of continuous motorized traffic on grizzly bears.

pH. The negative log10 of hydrogen ion activity in solution; measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

PTES plants. These are plant species listed as proposed, threatened, endangered, or sensitive.

Reference Dose (RfD). Developed by the EPA for chronic exposures, which are an estimate of a daily dose over a 70 year lifespan that a human can receive without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects. RfDs include a “safety factor” where the No Observed Effect Level is divided by a factor, usually 100 fold, to account for uncertainty and hypersensitive individuals. The 100 value is derived by including a safety margin of 10 for using the results from mammals other than humans, and another safety factor of 10 for variation in the population to a particular compound.

Scoping. Procedures by which agencies determine the extent of analysis necessary for a proposed action (i.e., the range of actions, alternatives, and impacts to be addressed; identification of significant issues related to a proposed action; and the depth of environmental analysis, data, and task assignments needed).

Sensitive species. Administratively designated by the Regional Forester and managed under the authority of the National Forest Management Act. Management intends to avoid actions that may cause a sensitive species to become threatened or endangered.

Final Integrated Weed Management EIS, Page 233

SERA. Syracuse Environmental Research Associates. The independent research company contracted by the Forest Service to conduct human and ecological risk assessments of herbicides.

Glossary

Significant. As used in NEPA, requires consideration of both context and intensity. Context means that the significance of an action must be analyzed in several contexts such as society as a whole, and the affected region, interests, and locality. Intensity refers to severity of impacts (40 CFR 1508.27).

Spot Application. Herbicides are sprayed on individual plants.

Surfactant. A broad category of activator adjuvants that facilitate and enhance the absorbing, emulsifying, dispersing, spreading, sticking, wetting, and/or penetrating properties of herbicides.

TMRD. Total Motorized Route Density. A measure of road density that is used to monitor and limit the effects of all motorized traffic on grizzly bears.

Typical exposure. The exposure scenarios that result from application of an herbicide at the typical rate (most commonly used), the most common application period (7 hours), and over a moderately sized treatment area.

USFWS or USDI FWS. United States (Department of the Interior) Fish and Wildlife Service. The federal agency responsible for the recovery of threatened and endangered species.


Vernally Moist. Habitats that are characteristically moist in the spring but dry as the season progresses.

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