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Transcript of Chapter 4 CNA
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
1. Define the term communication
Define the following term:communication
the process of exchanging information with others by sending
and receiving messages.
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Transparency 4-1: Communication Process
4
Communication and Cultural Diversity
1. Define the term communication
Remember these points about the communication process:
•
All three steps must occur before the process is complete.
•
During a conversation the process is repeated over and over.
• Effective communication is a critical part of an NA’s job.
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
2. Explain verbal and nonverbal communication
Define the following terms:verbal communication
communication involving the use of spoken or written words
or sounds.
nonverbal communication
communicating without using words.
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Transparency 4-2: Body Language
4
Communication and Cultural Diversity
2. Explain verbal and nonverbal communication
Think about these questions:
Are there ever conflicts between what a person is communicatingverbally and nonverbally?
How can an NA use observation as a form of nonverbalcommunication with a resident?
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
4. Identify barriers to communication
Define the following term:clichés
phrases that are used over and over again and do not really
mean anything.
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Transparency 4-3: Barriers to Communication
4
Communication and Cultural Diversity
4. Identify barriers to communication
Think about this question:
What are some examples of slang expressions?
Do residents and NAs have the same understanding of slang?
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
5. List ways to make communication accurate and explain how to
develop effective interpersonal relationshipsThese techniques can help an NA communicate clearly andeffectively:
•
Be a good listener.
•
Provide feedback.
•
Bring up topics of concern.
•
Allow pauses.
•
Tune in to other cultures.
4
Communication and Cultural Diversity
5. List ways to make communication accurate and explain how todevelop effective interpersonal relationships
Techniques to help an NA communicate clearly and effectively(cont’d):
•
Accept residents’ religion or lack of religion.
•
Understand touch.
•
Ask for more information.
•
Make sure communication aids are clean and working.
4
Communication and Cultural Diversity
5. List ways to make communication accurate and explain how todevelop effective interpersonal relationships
REMEMBER:
Providing excellent care requires good communication and also
requires that NAs build effective relationships with residents,family members, and the care team.
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
5. List ways to make communication accurate and explain how to
develop effective interpersonal relationshipsThe following tips are helpful in building positive relationships:
•
Avoid changing the subject.
•
Do not ignore requests.
•
Do not talk down to people.
• Sit near the resident.
•
Lean forward when a resident is speaking.
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
5. List ways to make communication accurate and explain how todevelop effective interpersonal relationships
Tips for building positive relationships (cont’d):
•
Talk directly to the resident you are assisting.
•
Approach the person who is talking.
• Be empathetic.
•
Have time for residents’ families and friends too.
4
Communication and Cultural Diversity
6. Explain the difference between facts and opinions
Think about this question:
What are some examples of facts? Examples of opinions?
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
6. Explain the difference between facts and opinions
REMEMBER:
Understanding the difference between facts and opinions will helpan NA communicate her observations of residents in a moreprofessional way.
4
Communication and Cultural Diversity
7. Explain objective and subjective information and describe howto observe and report accurately
Define the following terms:
objective information
information based on what a person sees, hears, touches, orsmells; also called signs.
subjective information
information that a person cannot or did not observe, but isbased on something reported to the person that may or maynot be true; also called symptoms.
incontinence
the inability to control the bladder or bowels.
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Transparency 4-4: Using Your Senses
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
7. Explain objective and subjective information and describe how
to observe and report accurately
Think about this question:
What are some specific observations an NA might make usingeach of the senses shown on the transparency (smell, sight,hearing, touch)?
4
Communication and Cultural Diversity
8. Explain how to communicate with other team members
NAs should keep the following in mind when communicating withtheir team members:
• Keep the nurse informed of all important issues during theshift.
•
Communicate with other care team members as needed toprovide quality care.
•
Always respect residents’ privacy when communicating with
other care team members.
•
Be careful with communication—do not share informationabout diagnoses/condition changes.
• When in doubt about what you can or should communicate,ask the nurse.
•
Use the chain of command to voice complaints.
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
9. Describe basic medical terminology and abbreviations
Define the following terms:
cyanotic
skin that is blue or gray.
root
part of a word that contains its basic meaning or definition.
prefixthe word part that precedes the root to help form a newword.
suffix
the word part added to the end of a root that helps form anew word.
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4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-1: Abbreviations
a before
AAROM active-assistive range ofmotion
abd
abdomen
ABR absolute bedrest
ac, a.c. before meals
AD Alzheimer’s disease
ADC AIDS dementia complex
ad lib as desired
ADLs activities of daily living
adm. admission
AED automated externaldefribrillator
AHA American Heart Association
AIDS acquired immunedeficiencysyndrome
AIIR airborne infection isolationroom
AKA above-knee amputation,also known as
am, AM morning
AMA against medical advice,American MedicalAssociation
amb ambulate, ambulatoryAMD age-related macular
degeneration
amt. amount
ANS autonomic nervous system
ant. anterior
a.p./AP apical pulse
approx. approximately
AROM active range of motion
ASAP as soon as possible
assist assistance
as tol as tolerated
A, T, D admission, transfer, anddischarge
ax axillary
BID, b.i.d. two times a day
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-1: Abbreviations
BKA below-knee amputation
bld blood
BLS basic life support
BM bowel movement
BP, B/P blood pressure
BPH benign prostatichypertrophy
BPM beats per minute
BR bedrest
BRP bathroom privileges
BSC bedside commode
BSE breast self examination
C centigrade, Celsius
c with
Ca/CA calcium, cancer, carcinoma
CAD coronary artery disease
cal calorie
cath. catheter
CBC complete blood count
CBI continuous bladder irrigation
CBR complete bedrest
CCMS clean-catch midstream
CDC Centers for Disease ControlandPrevention
CDE certified diabetes educator
C. diff clostridium difficile
CEP competency evaluation(testing)
programs
CEU continuing education unit
CHD coronary heart disease
CHF congestive heart failure
chol cholesterol
ck check
cl liq clear liquid
cm centimeter
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-1: Abbreviations
CMS Centers for Medicare andMedicaid Services
CNA certified nursing assistant
CNP certified nurse practitioner
CNS central nervous system
c/o complains of, in care of
CO2 carbon dioxide
COLD chronic obstructive lungdisease
COPD chronic obstructive
pulmonarydisease
CP cerebral palsy
CPM continuous passive motion
CPR cardiopulmonaryresuscitation
CRF chronic renal failure
C.S. Central Supply
CSF cerebrospinal fluid
CVA cerebrovascular accident,stroke
CVP central venous pressure
CVS cardiovascular system
CXR chest x-ray
DAT diet as tolerated
DJD degenerative joint disease
DKA diabetic ketoacidosis
DM diabetes mellitus
DNR do not resuscitate
DO doctor of osteopathy
DOA dead on arrival
DOB date of birth
DON director of nursing
Dr. doctor
DRG diagnostic related group
drsg dressing
DVT deep vein thrombosis
Dx/dx diagnosis
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4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-1: Abbreviations
ECG, EKG electrocardiogram
ED emergency department
EENT eye, ear, nose, and throat
e.g. for example
EMS emergency medicalservices
ER emergency room
ESRD end-stage renal disease
et al. and other things
ETOH alcohol
exam examination
F Fahrenheit, female
FBS fasting blood sugar
FDA Food and DrugAdministration
Fe iron
FF force fluids
FH family history
fld fluid
FS fingerstick
FSBS fingerstick blood sugar
ft foot
F/U, f/u follow-up
FUO fever of unknown origin
FWB full weight-bearing
fx fracture
FYI for your information
GAD generalized anxiety disorder
gal gallon
GB gallbladder
GERD gastroesophageal refluxdisease
geri chair geriatric chair
GI gastrointestinal
g gram
GP general practitioner
GSW gunshot wound
GTT glucose tolerance test
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-1: Abbreviations
GU genitourinary
GYN/gyn gynecology
h, hr, hr. hour
H20 water
H202 hydrogen peroxide
H/A headache
HAART highly active anti-retroviral therapy
HAV hepatitis A virus
HBV hepatitis B virus
HCV hepatitis C virus
HDV hepatitis D virus
HEV hepatitis E virus
Hg mercury
HHA home health aide
Hi-cal high calorie
HIPAA Health InsurancePortability and
Accountability Act
HIV human immunodeficiencyvirus
HMO health maintenanceorganization
HOB head of bed
HOH hard of hearing
H&P history and physical
HPV human papillomavirus
HS/hs hours of sleep
ht height
HTN hypertension
H.U.C. Health Unit Coordinator
Hx history
hyper above normal, too fast, rapid
hypo low, less than normal
IBD irritable bowel disease
IBS irritable bowel syndrome
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-1: Abbreviations
IICU intermediate intensivecare unit
ICU intensive care unit
ID identification
I&D incision and drainage
i.e. that is
IM intramuscular
In inch
inc incontinent
inf inferior
I&O intake and output
IQ intelligence quotient
irr., irrig irrigation
isol isolation
I.V., IV intravenous
K+ potassium
kg kilogram
KS Kaposi’s sarcoma
l, L liter
L, lt left
lab laboratory
lb pound
LBP low back pain
LE lower extremity
lg large
liq liquid
LLE left lower extremity
LLQ left lower quadrant
LOC level of consciousness, levelof care
Low-cal low-calorie
Low-fat/ low-fat, low-calorie
Low-cal
Low-Na low-sodium
LPN Licensed Practical Nurse
LTC long-term care
LTCF long-term care facility
LUQ left upper quadrant
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4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-1: Abbreviations
LVN Licensed Vocational Nurse
M.D. medical doctor
MD muscular dystrophy
MDROs multidrug-resistantorganisms
MDR-TB multidrug-resistanttuberculosis
MDS minimum data set
meds medications
med-surg medical-surgical
mg milligram
MI myocardial infarction
min minute
mL milliliter
mm millimeter
mm Hg millimeters of mercury
MO microorganism
mod moderate
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
MRSA methicillin-resistantstaphylococcus aureus
MS
multiple sclerosis
MSDs musculoskeletal disorders
MSDS material safety data sheet
MSW medical social worker
MUFA monounsaturated fat
MVA motor vehicle accident
Na sodium
N/A not applicable
NA nursing assistant
NaCl sodium chloride
NAS no added salt
NATCEP Nurse Aide Training andCompetency Evaluation
Program
N/C no complaints, no call
NCS no concentrated sweets
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-1: Abbreviations
neg negative
NF nursing facility
NG, ng nasogastric
NIBP non-invasive bloodpressuremonitoring
NKA no known allergies
NKDA no known drug allergies
no number
noc night
NPO nothing by mouth
NVD nausea, vomiting, anddiarrhea
NWB non-weight-bearing
O2 oxygen
OB obstetrics
ob/gyn obstetrics and gynecology
OBRA Omnibus BudgetReconciliation Act
occ occasionally
OCD obsessive-compulsivedisorder
OD overdose
O.D. right eye
OG orogastric
OOB out of bed
O&P ova and parasites
OPD outpatient department
O.R. operating room
ord. orderly, ordered
ORIF open reduction, internalfixation
ortho orthopedics
os mouth
O.S. left eye
OSHA Occupational Safety andHealth Administration
OT occupational therapist,occupational therapy
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-1: Abbreviations
OTC over-the-counter(medication)
O.U. both eyes
oz ounce
p after
P.A. physician’s assistant
PAD peripheral artery disease
pc, p.c. after meals
PCA patient-controlledanesthesia
PDR Physician’s DeskReference
PE pulmonary embolism
Peds/peds pediatrics
PEG percutaneousendoscopicgastrostomy
peri care perineal care
per os by mouth
PET positron emissiontomography
pH parts hydrogen
PH past history
PHI protected health information
phy. ex. physical exam
PID pelvic inflammatory disease
PM/pm afternoon
PMH past medical history
PNS peripheral nervous system
PO (per os) by mouth
pos. positive
post op after surgery
PPD purified protein derivative(test for tuberculosis)
PPE personal protectiveequipment
pre op before surgery
prep preparation
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4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-1: Abbreviations
p.r.n., prn when necessary
prog. Progress
PROM passive range of motion
Pt/pt patient
pt. pint
PT physical therapist,physical therapy
PTH parathyroid hormone
PTSD post-traumatic stressdisorder
PUFA polyunsaturated fat
PVD peripheral vasculardisease
PWB partial weight-bearing
q every
q2h, q3h, every two hours,q4h every three hours,
every four hours
QA quality assurance
Q&A questions and answers
qam every morning
qd every day
qh, qhr every hour
qhs every night at bedtime
q.o.d. every other day
qt. quart
quad quadrant, quadriplegic
R respirations, rectal
R, rt. right
RA rheumatoid arthritis
RBC red blood cell
RDT registered dietician
reg. regular
rehab rehabilitation
REM rapid eye movement
req. requisition
res. resident
resp. respiration
RF restrict fluids
RLE right lower extremity
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-1: Abbreviations
RLQ right lower quadrant
RN registered nurse
RNA restorative nursingassistant
R/O rule out
ROM range of motion
RR respiratory rate
RT respiratory therapy/therapist
RUE right upper extremity
RUQ right upper quadrant
Rx prescription, treatment
s without
S&A sugar and acetone
s.c. subcutaneously
SCA sudden cardiac arrest
SCDs sequential compressiondevices
SIDS sudden infant deathsyndrome
sl sublingually
SLE systemic lupuserythematosus
SLP speech-language pathologist
sm. small
SNAFU situation normal, all fouledup (slang)
SNF skilled nursing facility
SNS somatic nervous system
SOB shortness of breath
SP Standard Precautions
S.P.D. Supply, Processing, andDistribution
spec. specimen
ss one-half
S&S, S/S signs and symptoms
SSE soapsuds enema
ST standard, speech therapy
staph staphylococcus
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-1: Abbreviations
STAT/stat immediately
Std prec Standard Precautions
STDs sexually-transmitteddiseases
STIs sexually-transmittedinfections
strep streptococcus
supp. suppository
surg. surgery
T., temp temperature
TB tuberculosistbsp. tablespoon
T, C, DB turn, cough, and deepbreathe
THR total hip replacement
TIA transient ischemicattack
t.i.d., tid three times a day
TKR total knee replacement
TLC tender loving care
TPN total parenteral nutrition
T.P.R . temperature, pulse, andrespiration
trach. tracheostomy
tsp. teaspoon
TWE tap water enema
Tx, tx traction, treatment
U/A, u/a urinalysis
UE upper extremity
UGI upper gastrointestinal
UNK, unk unknown
URI upper respiratory infection
US ultrasound
USDA United States Departmentof Agriculture
UTI urinary tract infection
vag. vaginal
VAP ventilator-acquiredpneumonia
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4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-1: Abbreviations
VRE vancomycin-resistantenterococcus
VS, vs vital signs
W/A, WA
while awake
WBC white blood cell/count
w/c, W/C wheelchair
WNL within normal limits
wt. weight
yr. year
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-2: Prefixes, Roots, Suffixes
Prefixes
a, an: without, not, lack ofanalgesic = without pain
ante: before, in front ofantepartum = before delivery
bi: two, twice, doublebifocal = two lenses
brady: slowbradycardia = slow pulse,heartbeat
contra: againstcontraceptive = preventspregnancy
dis: apart, free fromdisinfected = free from
microorganisms
dys: bad, painfuldysuria = painful urination
endo: innerendoscope = instrument forexamining the inside of an organ
epi: on, upon, overepidermis = outer layer of skin
erythro: rederythrocyte = red blood cell
ex: out, away fromexhale = to breathe out
hemi: halfhemisphere = one of two parts of
the brain
hyper: too much, high
hypertension = high bloodpressure
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-2: Prefixes, Roots, Suffixes
Prefixes (cont d)
hyper: too much, highhypertension = high bloodpressure
hypo: below, underhypotension = low blood pressure
inter: between, withininterdisciplinary = between
disciplinesleuk: whiteleukocyte = white blood cell
mal: bad, illness, disordermalformed = badly made
micro: smallmicroscopic = too small for theeye to see
olig: small, scantoliguria = small amount of urine
patho: disease, sufferingpathology = study of disease
per: by, throughperforate = to make a hole
through
peri: around
pericardium = sac around theheart
poly: many, muchpolyuria = much urine
post: after, behindpostmortem = period after death
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4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-2: Prefixes, Roots, Suffixes
Prefixes (cont d)
pre: before, in front ofprenatal = period before birth
sub: under, beneathsubcutaneous = beneath the skin
supra: above, oversuprapelvic = located above thepelvis
tachy: swift, fast, rapidtachycardia = rapid heartbeat
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-2: Prefixes, Roots, Suffixes
Roots
abdomin(o): abdomen
abdominal = pertaining to the
abdomen
aden(o): gland
adenitis = inflammation of agland
angi(o): vessel
angioplasty = surgical repair of avessel using a balloon
arterio: artery
arteriosclerosis = hardening ofartery walls
arthr(o): joint
arthrotomy = cut into a joint
brachi(o): arm
brachial = pertaining to the arm
bronchi, bronch(o): bronchus
bronchopneumonia =inflammation of lungs
card, cardi(o): heart
cardiology = study of the heart
cephal(o): head
cephalalgia = headache
cerebr(o): cerebrum
cerebrospinal = pertaining to the
brain and spinal cord
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-2: Prefixes, Roots, Suffixes
Roots (cont d)
chole, chol(o): bile
cholecystitis = inflammation ofthe gall bladder
colo: colon
colonoscopy = examination of the
large intestine or colon with ascope
cost(o): rib
costochondral = pertaining to arib
crani(o): skull
craniotomy = cutting into the
skull
cyan(o): blue
cyanosis = blue, gray, or purpletinge to the skin due to lack ofoxygen in the blood
cyst(o): bladder, cyst
cystitis = inflammation of the
bladder
derm, derma: skin
dermatitis = inflammation of theskin
duoden(o): duodenum
duodenal = pertaining to theduodenum, the first part of the
small intestine
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4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-2: Prefixes, Roots, Suffixes
Roots (cont d)
encephal(o): brain
encephalitis = inflammation of
the brain
gaster(o), gastro: stomach
gastritis = inflammation of the
stomach
geron: aged
gerontology = study of the aged
gluco: sweet
glucometer = device used tomeasure blood glucose
glyco, glyc: sweet
glycosuria = glucose (sugar) inthe urine
gyneco, gyno: woman
gynecology = study of diseases ofthe female reproductive organs
hema, hemato, hemo: blood
hematuria = blood in the urine
hepato: liver
hepatomegaly = enlargement ofthe liver
hyster(o): uterus
hysterectomy = surgical removalof the uterus
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-2: Prefixes, Roots, Suffixes
Roots (cont d)
ile(o), ili(o): ileum
ileorrhaphy = surgical repair of
the ileum
laryng(o): larynx
laryngectomy = excision of thelarynx
lymph(o): lymph
lymphocyte = type of white bloodcell
mamm(o): breast
mammogram = x-ray of thebreast
mast(o): breast
mastectomy = excision of thebreast
melan(o): black
melanoma = mole or tumor, maybe cancerous
mening(o): meninges;membranes covering the spinal
cord and brain
meningitis = inflammation of themembranes of the spinal cord orbrain
necro: death
necrotic = dead tissue
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-2: Prefixes, Roots, Suffixes
Roots (cont d)
nephr(o): kidney
nephrectomy = removal of akidney
neur(o): nerve
neuritis = inflammation of a
nerve
onc(o): tumor
oncology = study of tumors
ophthalm(o): eye
ophthalmologist = eye doctor
oste(o): bone
osteoarthritis = disease of the
joints
ot(o): ear
otology = science of the ear
pharyng(o): pharynx pharyngitis= inflammation of the throat, sorethroat
phleb(o): vein
phlebitis = inflammation of a vein
pneo/pnea: breathing
tachypnea = rapid breathing
pneum: air, gas, respiration
pneumonia = inflammation of the
lung
pod(o): foot
podiatrist = foot doctor
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Handout 4-2: Prefixes, Roots, Suffixes
Roots (cont d)
proct(o): anus, rectum
proctology = study of the rectum
pulm(o): lung
pulmonary = relating to the lungs
splen(o): spleen
splenomegaly = enlarged spleen
stomat(o): mouth
stomatitis = inflammation ofmouth
therm(o): hot, heat
thermoplegia = heatstroke
thorac(o): chest
thoracotomy = incision into chestwall
thromb(o): blood clot
thrombus = blood clot blocking avessel
toxic(o), tox(o): poison
toxicology = study of poisons
trache(o): trachea, windpipe
tracheostomy = incision to makean artificial airway
urethr(o): urethra
urethritis = inflammation of
urethra
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-2: Prefixes, Roots, Suffixes
Suffixes
-cyte: cell
leukocyte = white blood cell
-ectomy: excision, removal of
splenectomy = removal of spleen
-emesis: vomiting
hyperemesis = excessivevomiting
-emia: blood condition
anemia = lack of red blood cells
-ism: a condition
hyperthyroidism = conditioncaused by an excessive
production of thyroid hormones
-itis: inflammation
stomatitis = inflammation of themouth
-logy: study of
hematology = study of the blood
-megaly: enlargement
splenomegaly = enlarged spleen
-oma: tumor
melanoma = mole or tumor, maybe cancerous
-osis: condition
halitosis = bad breath
4 Communication and Cultural Diversity
Handout 4-2: Prefixes, Roots, Suffixes
Suffixes (cont d)
-ostomy: creation of an opening
ileostomy = creation of an
opening into the ileum
-otomy: cut into
laparotomy = cutting into theabdomen
-pathy: disease
myopathy = disease of themuscle
-penia: lack
leukopenia = a lack of whiteblood cells
-phagia: to eat
dysphagia = difficulty swallowing
-phasia: speaking
aphasia = absence of speaking
-phobia: exaggerated fear
acrophobia = fear of high places
-plasty: surgical repair
angioplasty = surgical repair of a
vessel using a balloon
-plegia: paralysis
paraplegia = paralysis of lower
portion of the body
-rrhage: excessive flow
hemorrhage = excessiveflow of blood
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Handout 4-2: Prefixes, Roots, Suffixes
Suffixes (cont d)
-scopy: examination using ascope
colonoscopy = examination of thelarge intestine or colon with a
scope
-stomy: creation of an opening
colostomy = opening into the
colon
-tomy: incision, cutting into
thoracotomy = incision into chestwall
-uria: condition of the urine
dysuria = painful urination
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
10. Explain how to give and receive an accurate report of aresident’s status
All of the following occurrences should be reported immediately:
•
Falls
•
Chest pain
• Severe headache
•
Difficulty breathing
•
Abnormal pulse, respiration, or blood pressure
•
Change in mental status
•
Sudden weakness or loss of mobility
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
10. Explain how to give and receive an accurate report of aresident’s status
Occurrences to report immediately (cont’d):
•
High fever
• Loss of or change in consciousness
•
Bleeding
•
Change in condition• Signs of abuse
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10. Explain how to give and receive an accurate report of a
resident’s status
REMEMBER:
An NA must use facts, not opinions, in making reports.
4
Communication and Cultural Diversity
10. Explain how to give and receive an accurate report of aresident’s status
Think about this question:
Why should an NA make written notes about reports given to asupervisor?
4
Communication and Cultural Diversity
10. Explain how to give and receive an accurate report of aresident’s status
An NA should document the following about an oral report:
•
When
• Why
•
About what
•
To whom
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
11. Explain documentation and describe related terms and forms
A medical chart is a legal record of a resident’s care. It includes
the following information:
•
Admission sheet
•
Resident’s medical history
•
Doctor’s orders
•
Progress notes
•
Lab/test results
•
Graphic sheet
• Nurse’s notes
•
Flow sheet/ADL sheet (see Figure 4-9, p. 44 of text)
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
11. Explain documentation and describe related terms and forms
Current documentation is very important for many reasons:
• Guarantees clear and complete communication
• Provides legal record of treatment
• Protects NA and employer
• Provides up-to-date record of resident’s status
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11. Explain documentation and describe related terms and forms
NAs should always follow these guidelines for documentation:
• Document care immediately after it is given.
• Think before writing. Be brief and clear.
• Use facts, not opinions.
• Write neatly with black ink.
• Correct errors properly (see Figure 4-10, p. 45 of text).• Sign full name and title.
• Document per care plan.
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11. Explain documentation and describe related terms and forms
REMEMBER:
If something is not documented, legally speaking it was notdone. It is very important for NAs to document carefully, andimmediately after care is given.
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Transparency 4-5: 24-hour Clock
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11. Explain documentation and describe related terms and forms
These guidelines are helpful when converting regular time tomilitary time:
• To change the regular hours between 1:00 p.m. to 11:59p.m. to military time, add 12 to the regular time.
• Minutes and seconds do not change.
• Midnight may be written as 0000 or 2400; NAs should followfacility policy.
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12. Describe incident reporting and recording
Define the following terms:incident
an accident, problem, or unexpected event during the course
of care that is not part of the normal routine in a healthcarefacility.
sentinel event
an accident or incident that results in grave physical orpsychological injury or death.
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12. Describe incident reporting and recording
The following events are considered incidents:
• Falls
• Damage
• Mistakes in care
• Requests outside scope of practice
• Sexual advances or remarks
• Unsafe or uncomfortable situations
• Injuries
• Blood or body fluids exposure
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12. Describe incident reporting and recording
NAs must follow these guidelines for incident reporting:
• Tell what happened.
• Tell how the person tolerated the incident.
• State facts only.
• Do not write about anything in the incident report on the
medical record.• Describe action taken.
• Include suggestions for change.
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13. Demonstrate effective communication on the telephone
Effective telephone communication involves the following steps:• Identify yourself politely before asking to speak to someone.
• Ask for the person with whom you need to speak.
• State the reason for your call.
• Leave a brief message if the person you are calling is notavailable.
• Thank the person who takes the message for you.
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13. Demonstrate effective communication on the telephone
The following steps are important when answering the telephone:
• Identify the facility’s name, self, and position.
• Place caller on hold if necessary.
•
Write down messages. Ask for correct spelling of names. Geta number.
• Say, “Thank you,” and “Goodbye.”
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13. Demonstrate effective communication on the telephone
REMEMBER:
NAs should never give out information about staff or residentsover the phone.
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14. Understand guidelines for basic office machines and
computersThe following office machines may be in use at LTCFs:
• Photocopier
• Fax machine
• Calculator
• Computer
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14. Understand guidelines for basic office machines andcomputers
REMEMBER:
HIPAA privacy guidelines apply to computer use. If a facility usescomputers for documentation, the NAs must make sure thatnobody can see private information on the screen.
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15. Explain the resident call system
REMEMBER:
An NA must always answer call lights, no matter what. Call lights
must be left within residents’ reach and answered promptly
every time the resident pushes the button.
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16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with special
needsDefine the following terms:
impairment
a loss of function or ability.
farsightedness
the ability to see objects in the distance better than objectsnearby; also known as hyperopia.
nearsightedness
the ability to see things near but not far; also known asmyopia.
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16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with specialneeds
Define the following terms:
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
a condition that occurs when blood supply to a part of thebrain is blocked or a blood vessel leaks or ruptures within thebrain; also called a stroke.
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body.
hemiparesis
weakness on one side of the body.
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16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with specialneeds
Define the following terms:
expressive aphasia
slurred speech or an inability to speak.
receptive aphasia
inability to understand spoken or written words.emotional lability
laughing or crying without any reason, or when it isinappropriate.
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16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with special
needsDefine the following terms:
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing.
combative
violent or hostile behavior.
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with specialneeds
The following guidelines are important when communicating withresidents with hearing impairment:
• Make sure hearing aid is on and working. Clean hearing aid asinstructed.
• Reduce or remove noise.
• Get residents’ attention first.
• Speak clearly, slowly, and in good lighting.
• Do not shout or mouth words in an exaggerated way.
• Lower pitch of voice.
• Keep hands away from face while talking.
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16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with specialneeds
Guidelines for communicating with residents with hearingimpairment (cont’d):
• Speak to side with better hearing.
• Use short sentences and simple words.
• Repeat what was said using different words if necessary.• Use picture cards or notepads.
• Be patient and empathetic.
• Ask resident to repeat what was said when necessary.Observe body language.
• Be understanding and supportive.
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16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with special
needsThe following guidelines are important when communicating withresidents with vision impairment:
• Make sure eyeglasses are on, clean, and in good condition.
• Identify self when entering room.
• Make sure there is proper lighting. Face resident whenspeaking.
• Orient residents to new areas.
• Use imaginary clock as a guide.
• Tell resident what you are doing. Talk directly to resident.
• Do not move items. Put anything you move back where it wasfound.
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with specialneeds
Guidelines for communicating with residents with visionimpairment (cont’d):
• Tell resident where the call light is.
• Leave door completely open or closed.
• When assisting resident with walking, walk slightly ahead,
letting resident grasp your arm.
• Encourage use of other senses.
• Use large clocks or clocks that chime.
• Offer large-print books, audio books, digital books, and Braille
books if necessary.
• Do not play with guide dogs.
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16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with specialneeds
The following guidelines are important when communicating withresidents who have experienced CVA/stroke:
• Keep questions and directions simple.
• Phrase questions that can be answered with a “yes” or “no.”
• Agree on signals.• Give residents plenty of time to respond.
• Use a pencil and paper if possible.
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16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with special
needsGuidelines for communicating with residents who haveexperienced CVA/stroke (cont’d):
• Use terms weaker or involved to refer to affected side.
• Keep call light within reach.
• Use verbal and nonverbal communication.
• Use communication boards or special cards.
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16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with specialneeds
REMEMBER:
Even if residents are not able to speak, it is important that careteam members not talk about them as if they are not there.
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16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with specialneeds
The following guidelines are important when communicating withresidents who are demonstrating combative behavior:
• Block blows or step out of way.
• Allow the resident time to calm down before the next
interaction.• Ensure resident is safe and give him space.
• Remain calm. Lower tone of voice.
• Be flexible and patient.
• Stay neutral. Do not respond to verbal attacks or argue.
• Do not use gestures that could frighten or startle resident.
• Be reassuring and supportive.
• Consider what provoked the resident.
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16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with special
needsThe following guidelines are important when communicating withresidents who are demonstrating angry behavior:
• Stay calm.
• Do not respond to verbal attacks or argue.
• Empathize.
• Try to find out cause.
• Be respectful. Explain what you are going to do.
• Answer call lights promptly.
• Stay at a safe distance.
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16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with specialneeds
There is a difference between assertive and aggressive behavior.A person is behaving assertively when he
•
Expresses thoughts, feelings, and beliefs in a direct andhonest way.
• Respects his own needs and feelings and those of otherpeople.
A person is behaving aggressively when he
•
Expresses thoughts, feelings, and beliefs in ways thathumiliate, disgrace, or overpower the other person.
•
Shows little or no respect for the needs or feelings of others.
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16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with specialneeds
REMEMBER:
NAs should report aggressive behavior from residents.
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16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with special
needsThe following guidelines are important when communicating withresidents who are demonstrating inappropriate behavior:
• Report behavior.
• Be professional and do not overreact.
• Try distraction.
• Gently direct resident to private area.
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16. List guidelines for communicating with residents with specialneeds
REMEMBER:
An NA must never hit a resident, no matter how the residentbehaves. Hitting is considered abuse and may result intermination and/or legal action.
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
Exam
Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer.
1. What is the correct order of the three-step communication process?
(A) Sender sends message. Receiver receives message. Receiver providesfeedback.
(B) Receiver sends message. Receiver receives message. Sender providesfeedback.
(C) Sender sends message. Sender receives message. Receiver provides
feedback.(D) Receiver sends message. Receiver receives message. Receiver provides
feedback.
2. Which of the following is an example of nonverbal communication?
(A) Asking for a cookie
(B) Pointing to a cookie
(C) Writing a note requesting a cookie
(D) Shouting for a cookie
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Exam
3.
Types of verbal communication include(A) Reading
(B) Nodding one’s head
(C) Crossing one’s arms
(D) Writing
4. Which of the following is an example of a barrier to communication?
(A) NA uses medical terminology with the resident.
(B) NA asks the resident to repeat a sentence.
(C) NA speaks the same language as the resident.
(D) NA speaks clearly using a professional tone of voice.
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
Exam
5. Which of the following are ways f or NAs to avoid barriers to communication?
(A) The NA should use slang so that the resident understands more easily.
(B) The NA should respond with “Why?” when resident makes a statement.
(C) The NA should use medical terminology when talking with the residentso the resident will more easily understand his condition.
(D) The NA should ask open-ended questions that require more than yes orno responses.
6. An example of active listening is
(A) NA looking around the room while the resident is speaking
(B) NA finishing the resident’s sentences to make communication faster
(C) NA focusing on the resident and providing feedback
(D) NA talking constantly so that there are no pauses in the conversation
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
Exam
7. Which of the following statements is an example of a fact?
(A) Mrs. Silva needed help to get to the bathroom today.
(B) Mrs. Silva needs more friends.
(C) Mrs. Silva looks happy when her daughter visits.
(D) Mrs. Silva is too thin.
8.
Which of the following is an example of objective information?(A) “Mrs. Johnson says she has a rash on her torso.”
(B) “There are raised, red marks the size of pinpricks on Mrs. Johnson’storso.”
(C) “Mrs. Johnson must have a rash because she looks uncomfortable.”
(D) “Mrs. Johnson needs some lotion.”
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Exam
9.
Why is it important for an NA to consider a resident’s cultural backgroundwhen communicating with him?
(A) It is not important to consider cultural background.
(B) Because the resident will certainly want to tell stories about his culture.
(C) Because the NA might know somebody with the same background andshe can tell the resident about that person.
(D) Because cultural background helps determine how people communicateand can help the NA communicate better with the resident.
10. What is a proper way for an NA to respond if a resident does not hear her or
does not understand her?
(A) The NA should speak more quickly.
(B) The NA should speak more softly or whisper.
(C) The NA should speak slowly and clearly.
(D) The NA should shout.
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
Exam
11. Which of the following statements is true of touch?
(A) All people like to be touched.
(B) Nursing assistants do not need to touch residents.
(C) Nursing assistants can softly pat residents’ shoulders to communicatecaring.
(D) All residents will feel more comfortable when there is little physicalcontact.
12. Positive responses to cultural diversity include
(A) Valuing and respecting each person as an individual
(B) Seeing all people from a certain culture as being the same
(C) Preferring people of one culture over those of other cultures
(D) Making assumptions about a person based on stereotypes about theirculture
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
Exam
13. Which of the following senses is not used in making observations?
(A) Sight
(B) Touch
(C) Smell
(D) Taste
14.
With whom should nursing assistants use medical terms and abbreviations?(A) Residents
(B) Nurses
(C) Residents’ friends
(D) Visitors
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Exam
15.
Which of the following should an NA report about a resident to the nurseimmediately?
(A) Family fighting
(B) Chest pain, high fever
(C) Watching too much TV
(D) Acting lonely
16. The part of the word that is added to the end of a root to form a new wordis called a(n)
(A) Root
(B) Prefix
(C) Suffix
(D) Abbreviation
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
Exam
17. When should documentation be recorded?
(A) Immediately after care is given
(B) At the end of the shift
(C) Whenever there is time
(D) Before the care is given
18. Careful charting is important because
(A) The NA does not want to get in trouble.
(B) The resident must be able to read the chart.
(C) The family will want to take the chart home regularly to study it.
(D) It is the only way to guarantee clear and complete communicationamong the care team.
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
Exam
19. Which of the following shows the correct conversion of 0530 to regulartime?
(A) 12:30 a.m.
(B) 12:30 p.m.
(C) 5:30 a.m.
(D) 5:30 p.m.
20. Which of the following shows the correct conversion of 2:35 p.m. to militarytime?
(A) 2435 hours
(B) 1435 hours
(C) 2235 hours
(D) 1235 hours
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Exam
21.
Which of the following occurrences is considered an incident and requires areport to be completed?
(A) A resident uses the call light frequently.
(B) A resident yells at a family member.
(C) A resident accuses an NA of abusing her.
(D) The NA arrives 10 minutes late to work.
22. Which of the following is an example of proper telephone communication atwork?
(A) “Good morning, Linda Manor Care Facility, Susan Jones speaking.”
(B) “We’re all really busy right now. You’ll have to call back later.”
(C) “Sandra is not working today. Her cell phone number is 555-1212.”
(D) “Jeanie no longer works here. She was fired two months ago.”
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
Exam
23. A nursing assistant may ignore a resident’s call light when
(A) The resident uses it too often for unimportant reasons
(B) The nursing assistant has had conflict with the resident in the past
(C) The nursing assistant just finished giving care to that resident
(D) Never
24. Why must an NA be concerned about privacy if documentation is done on acomputer?
(A) Because it is common for computer hackers to target long-term carefacilities
(B) Because the federal government is monitoring all computers in LTCfacilities to ensure that HIPAA is f ollowed
(C) Because residents will probably try to sneak a look at other residents’ information
(D) Because the information is confidential and somebody who is not partof the care team might see the screen
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
Exam
25. If a resident has a hearing impairment, the NA should
(A) Face away from the resident when speaking
(B) Face the resident with the light on the NA’s face
(C) Shout so that the resident can hear the NA
(D) Exaggerate the words so that the resident can read the NA’s lips
26.
One way that an NA can help a resident who is visually impaired is to(A) Move the furniture to make it easier for the resident to get around
(B) Keep the lights very low
(C) Use the face of an imaginary clock to explain the position of objects
(D) Walk behind the resident, lightly pushing the client forward
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Exam
27.
What can a nursing assistant do to help with communication with a residentwho has had a stroke?
(A) The NA should ask questions that require longer answers to help keepthe resident mentally active.
(B) The NA should refuse to use pictures to communicate so that theresident will be motivated to speak more.
(C) The NA should talk constantly so the resident won’t feel uncomfortableif speaking is difficult for him.
(D) The NA should use smiles or gestures to convey information.
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Communication and Cultural Diversity
Exam
28. What is the best way a nursing assistant can respond to a combativeresident?
(A) The NA should tell the resident that he will be discharged from thefacility if he does not stop what he is doing.
(B) The NA should let the resident know that other NAs will refuse to carefor him if he continues the behavior.
(C) The NA should remain calm and lower the tone of her voice.
(D) The NA should stand as close as possible to the resident.
29. Why is it important for a nursing assistant not to overreact when a resident
behaves inappropriately?
(A) It may actually reinforce the behavior.
(B) Other residents may then copy the behavior.
(C) The NA’s supervisor will be angry with him.
(D) The NA might surprise the resident.