Chapter 4: Carbon

Why study Carbon?• All of life is built on carbon • Cells

• ~72% H2O • ~25% carbon compounds

• carbohydrates• lipids• proteins • nucleic acids

• ~3% salts • Na, Cl, K…

Carbon: The Backbone of Life

Carbon enters the biosphere through the action of plants, which use solar energy to transform atmospheric CO2 into the molecules of life. These molecules are passed along to animals that feed on plants.

Learning Targets

1.I can explain how carbon’s electron configuration accounts for its ability to form complex molecules.• I can describe how carbon skeletons may vary and

explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules.

• I can describe the basic structure of a hydrocarbon and explain why these molecules are hydrophobic.

Properties of Carbon• 4 valence electrons• Forms up to 4 covalent bonds

• Can be single, double, or triple

CHNOPS

Learning Targets

1.I can explain how carbon’s electron configuration accounts for its ability to form complex molecules.• I can describe how carbon skeletons may vary and

explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules.

• I can describe the basic structure of a hydrocarbon and explain why these molecules are hydrophobic.

Carbon Variations• It likes to bond with itself, unlike most atoms• Thus it can form large molecules• These molecules can be chains, branches, or ring-shaped

Diversity of Organic Molecules• Substitute other atoms or groups around the carbon

• ethane vs. ethanol• H replaced by an hydroxyl group (–OH)• nonpolar vs. polar• gas vs. liquid• biological effects!

ethane (C2H6) ethanol (C2H5OH)

Learning Targets

1.I can explain how carbon’s electron configuration accounts for its ability to form complex molecules.• I can describe how carbon skeletons may vary and

explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules.

• I can describe the basic structure of a hydrocarbon and explain why these molecules are hydrophobic.

Hydrocarbons• Combinations of C & H only

• non-polar • not soluble in H2O• Hydrophobic

• Can undergo reactions that release a relatively large amount of energy

• Crash Course: That’s Why Carbon is a Tramp

Learning Targets

2. I can identify the different functional groups and outline the chemical properties of the organic molecules in which they occur.

Figure 4.9_a

STRUCTURE

CHEMICALGROUP Hydroxyl

NAME OFCOMPOUND

EXAMPLE

Ethanol

Alcohols (Their specific namesusually end in -ol.)

(may be written HO—)

Carbonyl

Ketones if the carbonyl group iswithin a carbon skeleton

Aldehydes if the carbonyl groupis at the end of the carbon skeleton

Carboxyl

Acetic acidAcetone

Propanal

Carboxylic acids, or organic acids

FUNCTIONALPROPERTIES

• Is polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom.

• Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars.

• A ketone and an aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties, as is the case for acetone and propanal.

• Ketone and aldehyde groups are also found in sugars, giving rise to two major groups of sugars: ketoses (containing ketone groups) and aldoses (containing aldehyde groups).

• Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1 and called a carboxylate ion.

Nonionized Ionized

• Acts as an acid; can donate an

H+ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar:

Figure 4.9_b

Amino Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl

Methylated compoundsOrganic phosphates

(may bewritten HS—)

ThiolsAmines

Glycine Cysteine

• Acts as a base; can

pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisms):

Nonionized Ionized

• Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1+.

• Two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond. This “cross-linking” helps stabilize protein structure.

• Cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins maintains the curliness or straightness of hair. Straight hair can be “permanently” curled by shaping it around curlers and then breaking and re-forming the cross-linking bonds.

• Contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part (2– when at the end of a molecule, as above; 1– when located internally in a chain of phosphates).

• Molecules containing phosphate groups have the potential to react with water, releasing energy.

• Arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function.

• Addition of a methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects the expression of genes.

Glycerol phosphate 5-Methyl cytidine