Chapter 4 Biology. 4-3 Biomes Biome – a large group of ecosystems that are characterized by...
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Transcript of Chapter 4 Biology. 4-3 Biomes Biome – a large group of ecosystems that are characterized by...
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Chapter
4
Biology
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4-3 Biomes
• Biome – a large group of ecosystems that are characterized by certain soil, climate conditions, plants and animals
• The climate of a region is an important factor in determining which organisms can survive there
• Within a biome, temperature and precipitation can vary over small distances
• Latitude is an important abiotic factor to both land and aquatic biomes
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Tropical rain forest
Tropical dry forest
Tropical savanna
Tundra
Temperate grassland
Desert
Temperate woodlandand shrublandMountains and ice caps
Boreal forest(Taiga)
Northwesternconiferous forest
Temperate forest
60°N
30°S
0° Equator
60°S
30°N
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The Terrestrial Biomes
• Tropical Rain Forest
• Precipitation – 200-400cm of rainfall annually
• Soil – low in nutrients
• Plants – broad-leaved evergreen trees, ferns, large woody vines and climbing plants, orchids
• Animals – birds, snakes, monkeys, frogs, ants
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• Temperature – warm year round 25-29ºC
• Located near equator
• One small acre may support 100 species of plants
• Species live at various levels
• Contains more species of organisms than anywhere else
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Copyright Pearson Prentice HallFig. 50.16, p. 908
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• Desert
• Precipitation – less than 10cm of rain per year
• Soil – sandy soil, low in nutrients and very little or no topsoil
• Plants – succulent plants that have needle shaped leaves to reduce water loss
• Animals – rattlesnakes, lizards, spiders, roadrunners
• Temperature – humidity is very low so suns rays penetrate and heat the ground quickly so its hot during the day and cold at night
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• Plants are adapted to growing, flowering and producing seed quickly
• Plants are deep rooted
• Desertification – conversion of grasslands and other productive biomes to desertlike wastelands
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Copyright Pearson Prentice HallFig. 50.13, p. 905
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• Grassland
• Precipitation – 25-100cm of rain per year
• Soil – very rich in nutrients and deep layer of topsoil
• Plants – tall and short grasses and small plants
• Animals – bison, wolves, prairie dogs, foxes, coyotes
• Temperature – warm summers and very cold winters
• Found in the interior of continents
• Also called prairies
• Not enough rain to support trees
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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• Savanna
• Precipitation – 30-50cm of rain per year
• Soil – compact soils
• Plants – grasses, scattered trees
• Animals – lions, cheetahs, elephants, giraffes, zebras, ostriches, rhinoceros
• Temperature – warm year round, 24-29ºC
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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• Woodland and Shrubland
• Precipitation - 25-60cm of rain per year
• Soil – low in nutrients and highly acidic
• Plants – hardened tough evergreens, wildflowers, grasses
• Animals – coyotes, foxes, bobcats, mountain lions
• Temperature – hot dry summers with periodic fires and cool moist winters
• Western or southern coastal region
• Also called chaparral in areas dominated by shrubs
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Copyright Pearson Prentice HallFig. 50.14, p. 906
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• Deciduous Forest
• Precipitation – 70-200cm of rain per year
• Soil – moist and fertile, rich in humus (decaying leaves and other organic matter)
• Plants – birch, maple, oak, elm, evergreens
• Animals – deer, foxes, raccoons, squirrels, birds
• Temperature – warm during the summer and cold in the winter, 0-30ºC
• Deciduous Trees – lose their leaves annually
• ¼ of bird species
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Copyright Pearson Prentice HallFig. 50.17, p. 909
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• Coniferous (Taiga) Forest
• Precipitation – 30-70cm of rain per year, frequent droughts
• Soil – low in nutrients and highly acidic
• Plants – cone bearing trees, pines, firs, spruces
• Animals – moose, bears, timberwolves, migratory birds
• Temperature – warm during the summer and cold in the winter
• Needle shape leaves is adaptation for water loss
• Lies south of the tundra
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Copyright Pearson Prentice HallFig. 50.18, p. 910
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• Tundra
• Precipitation – 20-60cm of rain per year
• Soil – thin moist and nutrient poor
• Plants – mosses, lichens, and grasses that survive in soggy soil
• Animals – caribou, reindeer, artic fox
• Temperature – cool in summer and freezing in winter
• Permafrost – permanently frozen ground
• Treeless land
• Long summer days and short periods of winter sunlight
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Copyright Pearson Prentice HallFig. 50.19, p. 911
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• 4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems
• Nearly ¾’s of the Earth’s surface is covered with water
• Aquatic ecosystems are often grouped according to the abiotic factors that affect them.
• The depth of water determines the amount of light that organisms receive
• Communities of organisms found in shallow water close to shore can be very different from the communities that occur away from shore in deep water
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• Freshwater Ecosystems
• Flowing-Water Ecosystems
• Rivers, streams, creeks, and brooks
• Originate in mountains or hills
• 3 Types of Stream Habitats
1. Riffle
• Shallow
• Water flows swiftly over rough bottom of sand and rock
2. Pools
• Deep water flows slowly over smooth bottom
3. Runs
• Smooth surface but fast flowing water
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Copyright Pearson Prentice HallFig. 50.23, p. 913
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• Standing-Water Ecosystems
• Lakes and ponds
• A Lake has 3 Zones
1. Littoral
• All around the shore
• Water is shallow and well lit
• Diversity is greatest
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2. Limnetic
• Open water
• Sunlit water that extends to where photosynthesis takes place
• Plankton, diatoms, green algae
3. Profundal
• Open water
• Below depth of photosynthesis
• Bacterial decomposers
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Copyright Pearson Prentice HallFig. 50.21, p. 912
LITTORAL
limit of effective light penetration
LIMNETIC
LITTORAL
PROFUNDAL
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• Lakes show seasonal changes in temperate regions
• Spring Overturn
• DO from the surface moves to deep water and nutrients released by decomposition moves to surface
• Fall Overturn
• Upper layer cools becomes denser then sinks
• DO moves down and nutrients move up
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• Oligotrophic Lake
• Nutrient poor and oxygen rich
• Deep lake with few phytoplankton
• Eutrophic Lake
• Nutrient rich and oxygen poor
• Has a high rate of biological productivity
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Freshwater Wetlands
• Wetland – water covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil at least part of the year
• 3 Types of Freshwater Wetlands
• Bog – wetland that form in depressions where water collects
• Marsh – shallow wetland along river
• Swamp – look like flooded forests, water flows slowly
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Estuaries
• Estuary – a place where salt water mixes with fresh water
• The salinity of an estuary changes with the tides so a large range of salt tolerant organisms live there
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Copyright Pearson Prentice HallFig. 50.29, p. 918
shallow bay
soundopen ocean
SALT MARSH (estuary)
creektidal cover
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• Mangrove – coastal wetland that occur in bays and estuaries across tropical regions
• In southern Florida and Hawaii
• Dominant plants are salt-tolerant trees, called mangrove
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Copyright Pearson Prentice HallFig. 50.28, p. 917
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Marine Ecosystems• Intertidal Zone
• Portion of the shoreline between the high and low tides
• High levels of sunlight, nutrients, and oxygen but productivity may be limited by waves crashing against the shore
• Organisms that live here have to be adapted to changing conditions
• Benthic Zone
• Includes all sediments and rocks of the ocean bottom
• Starts at continental shelves and extends to deep sea trenches
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• Pelagic Zone
• Full volume of ocean water
• Divided into 2 Zones
1. Neritic Zone – all water above continental shelves
2. Oceanic Zone – water of the ocean basins past the continental shelves
• Includes photic and aphotic zone
• Most of the photosynthetic activity on Earth occurs in the photic zone of the open ocean by the smallest producers
• Largest marine zone
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Copyright Pearson Prentice HallFig. 50.24, p. 914
neritic zone
oceanic zone
intertidal zone
BENTHIC PROVINCE
PELAGIC PROVINCE 0
200
1,000
2,000
4,000
11,0000 depth (meters)
air at surfacecontinental
shelf
bathyal shelf
abyssal zone
hadal zone
deep-sea trenches
sunlit water
"twilight" water
sunless water
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Coral Reefs
• Found in tropical coastal water
• Named for the coral animals whose calcium carbonate skeletons make up their primary structure
• An extraordinary diversity of organisms flourishes among coral reefs
• Reef-building corals grow with the help of algae that live symbiotically within their tissues