Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.
-
Upload
kelley-lane -
Category
Documents
-
view
237 -
download
2
Transcript of Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.
![Page 1: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 4Chapter 4
Atomic Structureand
The Periodic Table
![Page 2: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Anc
ient
A
ncie
nt
Gre
eks
Gre
eks
![Page 3: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Democritus’s Democritus’s Greek PhilosopherGreek Philosopher
![Page 4: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Democritus’s Atomic Democritus’s Atomic TheoryTheory
Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
Each substance had a different type of atom.
Liquid – smooth and roundSolid – rough and prickly
![Page 5: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Who’s Next?Who’s Next?
Late 1700’s - John Dalton- England.Teacher- summarized results of his
experiments and those of others.Dalton’s Atomic TheoryCombined ideas of elements with that
of atoms.
![Page 6: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
John Dalton (1766-1844)John Dalton (1766-1844)
![Page 7: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Dalton’s Atomic TheoryDalton’s Atomic Theory All matter is made of tiny indivisible
particles called atoms. Atoms of the same element are identical,
those of different atoms are different. Atoms of different elements combine in
whole number ratios to form compounds. Chemical reactions involve the
rearrangement of atoms. No new atoms are created or destroyed.
![Page 8: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Just how Small is an Atom?Just how Small is an Atom?
Think of cutting a piece of lead into smaller and smaller pieces
How far can it be cut?An atom is the smallest particle
of an element that retains the properties of that element
![Page 9: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Parts of AtomsParts of Atoms
J. J. Thomson - English physicist. 1897
Made a piece of equipment called a cathode ray tube.
It is a vacuum tube - all the air has been pumped out.
![Page 10: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
J.J. Thompson (1856 – 1940)J.J. Thompson (1856 – 1940)
![Page 11: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Thompson 1897Thompson 1897
![Page 12: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+-
Vacuum tube
Metal Disks
![Page 13: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+-
![Page 14: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+-
![Page 15: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+-
![Page 16: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Passing an electric current makes a Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the beam appear to move from the negative to the positive end.negative to the positive end.
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+-
![Page 17: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Passing an electric current makes a Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the beam appear to move from the negative to the positive end.negative to the positive end.
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+-
![Page 18: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Passing an electric current makes a Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the beam appear to move from the negative to the positive end.negative to the positive end.
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+-
![Page 19: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Passing an electric current makes a Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the beam appear to move from the negative to the positive end.negative to the positive end.
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+-
![Page 20: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Voltage source
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
By adding an electric field.
![Page 21: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Voltage source
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
+
-
![Page 22: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Voltage source
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
+
-
![Page 23: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Voltage source
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
+
-
![Page 24: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Voltage source
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
+
-
![Page 25: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Voltage source
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
+
-
![Page 26: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Voltage source
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
+
-
![Page 27: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Other particlesOther particles
Proton - positively charged pieces 1840 times heavier than the electron – by E. Goldstein
Neutron - no charge but the same mass as a proton – by J. Chadwick
Where are the pieces?
![Page 28: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Ernest Rutherford (1871-Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)1937)
![Page 29: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Rutherford Rutherford
![Page 30: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Rutherford’s experimentRutherford’s experiment
Ernest Rutherford -English physicist. (1910)
Plum Pudding model of the atom.Wanted to see how big they are.Used radioactivity.Alpha particles.Shot them at gold foil.
![Page 31: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Rutherford’s experimentRutherford’s experiment
When an alpha particle hits a fluorescent screen, it glows.
Here’s what it looked like.
![Page 32: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Lead block
Uranium
Gold Foil
Fluorescent Screen
![Page 33: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What he expected…
![Page 34: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Because…..
![Page 35: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
He thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom.
![Page 36: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Since he thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom.
![Page 37: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
What he got…
![Page 38: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
How he explained it
Atom is mostly empty.Small dense, positive
piece at center.Alpha particles are
deflected by it if they get close enough.
+
![Page 39: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
+
![Page 40: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Worksheet: 4.1Due: 10/24/08
Homework 4-1Homework 4-1
![Page 41: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Matter and AtomsMatter and Atoms
Nucleus
p+ Protons
n Neutrons
e-
Electrons
![Page 42: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Atomic NumberAtomic Number
The number of The number of protons protons in an atom.in an atom.
In a neutral atomIn a neutral atom# of protons = # of electrons# of protons = # of electrons
![Page 43: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Atomic MassAtomic MassThe number of The number of
protons and neutrons protons and neutrons in an atom.in an atom.
# of neutrons =# of neutrons =Atomic mass - # of protonsAtomic mass - # of protons
![Page 44: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Average Atomic MassThe average of the atomic mass
of all the isotopes of that element.
![Page 45: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
IsotopesAtoms of the same element with
different number of neutrons.
1P+2N
1e-
Tritium
Average Atomic Mass for H = 1.00794
1P+1N
1e-
Deuterium
1P+0N
1e-
Protium
![Page 46: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
15
30.96376Phosphorus
PAtomic Number(# of Protons)
Symbol
AverageAtomic Mass
(31)
Name
![Page 47: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Element: Phosphorus
# of Protons: 15
15p+
# of Neutrons: 31 –15 = 16
16nº
# of Electrons: 15
)2e-
)8e-
)5e-
![Page 48: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Homework 4-2Homework 4-2
Worksheet: 4-2Due: 10/24/08
![Page 49: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Bohr 1913Bohr 1913
Planetary ModelPlanetary Model
![Page 50: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Energy LevelsEnergy Levels
The possible energies that an The possible energies that an electron in an atom can have are electron in an atom can have are
called called Energy Levels.Energy Levels.
![Page 51: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Energy LevelsEnergy Levels
Nucleus
1st Level
2nd Level
3rd Level
4th Level
![Page 52: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
ee--
Energy
Energy
![Page 53: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Evidence of Energy levelsEvidence of Energy levels
The energy given off by an electron is in the form of light.
Specific element give off specific colors.
Spectral Analysis
![Page 54: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Evidence of Energy levelsEvidence of Energy levels
![Page 55: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Electron CloudElectron CloudModel 1926Model 1926
nucleus
![Page 56: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Electron CloudElectron CloudModel 1926Model 1926
nucleusScientist use the electron cloud model to describe the possible locations of
electrons around the nucleus.
![Page 57: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Atomic OrbitalsAtomic Orbitals
In each energy level the electrons can have certain orbits that they can take.
This a probability of where the electron can be found.
![Page 58: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Electron Cloud ModelElectron Cloud Model
Nucleus
1st Level2e-
2nd Level8e-
3rd Level18e-
![Page 59: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Atomic OrbitalsAtomic Orbitals
Energy
Level
Number of
Orbitals
Maximum Number of Electrons
1 1 22 4 83 9 184 16 32
![Page 60: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
)2e-
)8e-
)18e-
)32e-
Number of ElectronsNumber of Electrons
![Page 61: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Electron ConfigurationElectron Configuration
Where the electrons are in the orbitals of the atom.
The most stable configuration is the one in which the electrons are in orbitals with the lowest energy.
Lowest Energy of the electrons is called the Ground State.
![Page 62: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Element: Phosphorus
# of Protons: 15
15p+
# of Neutrons: 31 –15 = 16
16nº
# of Electrons: 15
)2e-
)8e-
)5e-
![Page 63: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Homework 4-3Homework 4-3
Worksheet: 4-3Due: 10/28/08Test: 10/30/08
![Page 64: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Democritus’s Atomic Democritus’s Atomic TheoryTheory
Indivisible
Indestructible
Each substance - different type atom.
![Page 65: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Dalton’s Atomic TheoryDalton’s Atomic Theory
Billiard Ball ModelBilliard Ball Model
![Page 66: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Dalton’s Atomic TheoryDalton’s Atomic Theory
Indivisible particles called atoms. Same elements - identical atoms.
Whole number ratios - compounds.
CO2 CO Chemical reactions …
… rearrangement of atoms.
![Page 67: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Voltage source
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
+
-
Existence of Charged ParticleExistence of Charged ParticlePositive and NegativePositive and Negative
![Page 68: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Plum Pudding ModelPlum Pudding Model
![Page 69: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Rutherford’s Experiment
+
![Page 70: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Atoms have:
Mostly empty.
Small dense, + piece at center.
+
![Page 71: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Bohr Bohr Planetary ModelPlanetary Model
Electrons in Energy LevelsElectrons in Energy Levels
![Page 72: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Electron Cloud ModelElectron Cloud Model
nucleus
![Page 73: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Matter and AtomsMatter and Atoms
Nucleus
p+ Protons
n0Neutrons
e-
Electrons
![Page 74: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
14
26.982Aluminum
SiAtomic Number(# of Protons)
AverageAtomic Mass(p+ + n0 = 27) AKA - Mass Number
p+ = 14
e- = p+ = 14
n0 = Mass - p+ n0 = 27 – 14 = 13
![Page 75: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
p+ = 14 e- = 14 n0 = 13
28
4
![Page 76: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Atomic OrbitalAtomic Orbital
A region of space around the nucleus where an electron is like to be found.
Contains 2 electrons.
![Page 77: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
28
4
27
5
GroundState
ExcitedState
![Page 78: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
IsotopesAtoms of the same element with
different number of neutrons.
Cl - 35 Cl - 37p+ - 17 p+ - 17n0 - 18 n0 - 20
Average Atomic Mass – 35.453
![Page 79: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Element #2 Element #3
Element #1 Element #1
![Page 80: Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081503/56649e405503460f94b3190c/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Element #3: ________________ Color: ____________
Element #4: ________________ Color: ____________
Spectrum
Spectrum