Chapter 4Ancient IndiaSection 1

The Indus and Ganges River

Valleys

“People are often unreasonable and self-centered. Forgive them anyway.

If you are kind, people may accuse you of ulterior motives. Be kind anyway. 

If you are honest, people may cheat you. Be honest anyway.

If you find happiness, people may be jealous. Be happy anyway.

The good you do today may be forgotten tomorrow. Do good anyway.

Give the world the best you have and it may never be enough. Give your best anyway.

For you see, in the end, it is between you and God. It was never between you and them anyway.” ― Mother Teresa

Key Word and Key PlacesKey Word and Key Places

citadelmigrationtributariessubcontinentIndus River Valley

monsoon

Himalayas

Hindu Kush

Mohenjo-Daro

Harappa

Geographical Information• Himalaya Mts. – a mountain

range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau of China

• Hindu Kush Mts.- long mountain range that stretches between central Afghanistan and northern Pakistan.

• Indus River – one of the seven sacred rivers of Hindus. Now the river flows through China (Tibet)and the rest of Pakistan.Ganges River – Great river of the plains of northern India.

• Ghats - a series of steps leading down to a body of water, particularly a holy river

• Deccan Plateau- large plateau in India, making up most of the southern part of the country.

• Thar Desert- Thar Desert is the world's seventh largest desert in NW India

• New Delhi – -capital of the Republic of India, and the seat of executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of the Government of India.

• Islands - – Andaman - archipelagic

islands [chain of islands] in the Bay of Bengal

– Nicobar - archipelagic island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean . They are located in Southeast Asia,

Ancient India – Present Day Pakistan

Indus River

Ganges River

Himalayas – Mts.

Hindu Kush Mts

Deccan Plataeu

Arabian Sea

Bay of Bengal

Indian Ocean

** New New DelhiDelhi

Thar Desert

GHATS

GH

ATS

Andaman Island

Nicobar Island

Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, Indus River, Ganges River, Himalayas, Hindu Kush Mts. Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, North, South, East, West, Nepal

Have you ever gone on a hike or a walk?

If a river ran across the path you were on and there If a river ran across the path you were on and there was no bridge, what would you do? What if it was a was no bridge, what would you do? What if it was a really big, deep fast moving river?really big, deep fast moving river?Have you ever been in a desert?Have you ever been in a desert?What is something you must bring with you in the What is something you must bring with you in the desert?desert?How does a person get across a desert?How does a person get across a desert?How about mountain climbing?How about mountain climbing?How do you cross a mountain range?How do you cross a mountain range?

Rivers, deserts, mountains, and Rivers, deserts, mountains, and seas are all called what?seas are all called what?

NATURAL BARRIERSNATURAL BARRIERS

GeographyEast of the Fertile CrescentIndia’s peninsula called a subcontinent: large landmass that juts out from a continentIndus River Valley: located b/w 2 mountain chains – Himalayas and the Hindu Kush – Today it’s Pakistan.India experiences monsoons – strong winds that blow across the region at certain times of the year.

Geography …cont’dHimalayas – natural barrier b/w India and Asia – 1, 500 miles long – highest and youngestIndus River – formed from streams of melting snow in the spring on the Hindu Kush & Himalayas, river flows southValley had fertile plain from silt and overflowing rivers - this attracted the Aryans who were a tribe of Indo-European-speaking, horse-riding nomads - from Mesopotamia.

Farming Economy

Had fertile land

TRIBUTARIES: small rivers that flow into a larger river

Use irrigation

Grow fruits, wheat, rice

First to grow COTTON!!!

Virtual Tour of the Great Baths in Harappa

Ancient Civilization

Two cities: Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa-existed along the same time as ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia

In 1920, discovered by RXR builders

DISCOVERIES:Jewels, bowls, vases, Jewels, bowls, vases, mirrors, fishhooks, mirrors, fishhooks, stone seals w/ animal stone seals w/ animal drawings on them drawings on them [animals they worshipped] What can you infer [conclude] about these people?They were highly skilled and they traded.

Citadels

CitadelCitadel was a fortress – center of city – used for religious and gov’t purposes

Taller than a ziggurat-temples of Mesopotamia

Used to protect the people of the Indus River Valley b/c they didn’t have any city walls.

Mohenjo-Daro – “Mound of the Dead” Mohenjo-Daro – “Mound of the Dead”

Well-planned city – no other city had ever been on that site [EX: Washington DC]

Had indoor plumbing, sewers, and constructed the citadel

Section 2Section 2Hinduism and Ancient Hinduism and Ancient IndiaIndia

reincarnation- rebirth of the soul

dharma- the religious or moral duties of each person

Ahimsa- belief in nonviolence

A Blend of ReligionsA Blend of ReligionsHinduism- one of the world’s major religions

A way of life for more than 850 million people in India

People were polytheists

Hindu GodsHindu GodsThree most important are:

Brahma – the Creator

Vishnu – the Preserver

Shiva – the Destroyer

The gods take on many different forms called AVATAR – where a god will be represented as a human or animal

Section 3 - BuddhismSection 3 - Buddhism

Key TermsMeditate

Nirvana

Missionaries – people who spread their religious beliefs to others

The Buddha and his The Buddha and his TeachingsTeachings

Believed in meditation – to focus the mind inward in order to find spiritual awareness

Buddha: “Selfish desires cause human suffering.”

Release from ReincarnationRelease from Reincarnation

In order to be released from the cycle of reincarnation, a person must reach nirvana – lasting peace.

How?

Tell the truth

Avoid violence and killings

Treat people fairly

Mrs. Shrestha at her engagement party. She changed into the sari in the middle of the party.

She was married this past June 2010 to a man from Nepal.

Chapter 5

Ancient ChinaAncient China

North, South, East, West, Himalayas, Chang “Yangzte” River, Huang “Yellow” River, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, North China Plain, Beijing, Great Wall of China, Mongolia, Plateau of Tibet, Nepal, Russia

Michael and Conor at the Great Wall

There are many parts to the Great Wall and different emperor's had different parts built. The total time span was many centuries. The first parts were completed about 200 BCE and the last parts were added over 200 years during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). There is no exact amount of years on the building of a large project such as the Great Wall of China. Some of it was built over 2000 years ago, several parts were added or substantially re-built over several centuries. The most recent rebuilding was about 500 years ago, except for those parts rebuilt very recently to aid tourism.

Geographyregion: Northeast/ Eastern China = best farmland

HUANG [Yellow] RIVER VALLEY –begins in a vast plateau: area of flat land raised above surrounding land

It brought loessloess [“luss”][“luss”] – yellow-brown soil

Geography – cont’d“China’s Sorrow” – bad flooding every 25 years- washes crops away and kills many

Early Chinese built dikes – a protective wall to hold back the waters.

It wasn’t the ideal place for a civilization.

SHANG DYNASTYDynasty = line of rulers who belong to the same family and pass control from one generation to the next

First writings and horse-drawn carriages, and bronze work

Lasted 600 yrs

An Oracle- a special priest who is believed to receive messages from the gods.

They would write a question on the shoulder blade bone of a pig and heat it. The way the bone cracked was believed to be the answer from the gods.

*Emperors often used oracles to help them make important decisions.

FamilyMay contain 5 generations living together.

Extended Family – closely related people

Oldest male in charge …final approval- he decided who his children would marry

Elders most respected- when they die – all the land is divided to his sons

Spirit of ANCESTORS important –shrines were built to honor them when they passed.

Some boys went to scribe school and wrote in many Chinese characters 萬里長

Women’s Role- Women’s Role- Mulan StoryMulan StoryLower status than men

Women were bound by three obediences:

1. Obey their fathers in youth

2. Obey their husbands in marriage

3. Obey their sons in widowhood

Four virtues –QUALITIES- which also guided women:

11. Morality-. Morality- doing what is right doing what is right,,

2. 2. ModestyModesty -respecting their bodies and self -respecting their bodies and self

3.3. proper speechproper speech

4.4. domestic skillsdomestic skills -household chores -household chores

Confucius Scholar and teacher born when China was in chaos

Believes in mutual respect

If people would treat others properly then order and peace would result.

About Civil ServicePolice, Army, Jobs in various branches of government departments, your policeman, your firemen, some school positions: lunch, clerical

Influence of ConfuciusInfluence of ConfuciusThe teaching of Confucius had major effects on the Chinese gov’t.

His belief became the basis for -Civil ServiceCivil Service - is the group of people who carry out the work of the gov’t.

A Merit System – a job was given to a person based on his qualification – not b/c he was the son of a gov’t official.

Candidates had to pass official tests

Achievements:Arts:

Silk weavingBronze workPoetryArchitectureJade carvings

Great Wall- 4,160 miles long,

Qin Shin Dynasty, then the Ming Dynasty

MedicineAcupunctureAcupuncture – a treatment to treat disease w/ needlesHerbal remedies

TechnologyPaperIron plowRudderWheelbarrowcompass

Let’s learn to count in Chinese a real Chinese woman http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GD77sfgCRJI

1 “ee”

2 “ ur ”

3 “ san ”

4 “ szi ” [si]

5 “ooo”

6 “ leeoh ”

7 “ chee ”

8 “ bah ”

9 “ g-oe”

10 “ sher ”

It’s Noodle DayCold Sesame Noodles by Chef Klein- recipe available upon requestUsing ChopsticksChopsticks with FortunesCounting to ten in Madarin

1.   Place the first chopstick in the hollow between thumb and index finger and rest its lower end below the first joint of the third finger. This chopstick remains stationary.

                      

   

2.   Hold the other chopstick between the tips of the index and middle fingers, steady its upper half against the base of the index finger, and use the tips of the thumb to keep it in place.

                      

   

3.  To pick up things, move the upper chopstick with index and middle fingers.

                      

   

4.  After a little practice, you will be able to use chopsticks like an expert.

                      

   

China’s New YearModern day China

Chinese Zodiac

Rat:Rat: charming, successful, hardworking charming, successful, hardworking (2008,1996,1984,1972,1960)(2008,1996,1984,1972,1960)

Ox:Ox: patient, quiet, good listener patient, quiet, good listener (2009, 1997, 1985, (2009, 1997, 1985, 1973, 1961)1973, 1961)

Tiger:Tiger: courageous, aggressive, adventurous courageous, aggressive, adventurous (2010, (2010, 1998, 1986, 1974, 19621998, 1986, 1974, 1962))

RabbitRabbit: : trustworthy, talented, well-mannered trustworthy, talented, well-mannered (1999, (1999, 1987, 1975, 1963)1987, 1975, 1963)

DragonDragon: : powerful, energetic, confident powerful, energetic, confident (2000, 1988, (2000, 1988, 1976, 1964)1976, 1964)

SnakeSnake: : charming, mysterious, passionate charming, mysterious, passionate (2001, (2001, 1989, 1977, 1965)1989, 1977, 1965)

HorseHorse: : cheerful, independent, skillful cheerful, independent, skillful (2002, (2002, 1990, 1978, 1966)1990, 1978, 1966)Sheep:Sheep: elegant, compassionate, kind-spirited elegant, compassionate, kind-spirited (2003, 1991, 1979, 1967)(2003, 1991, 1979, 1967)MonkeyMonkey: : mischievous, successful, adventurous mischievous, successful, adventurous (2004,1992,1980,1968)(2004,1992,1980,1968)RoosterRooster: : determined, busy, talented determined, busy, talented (2005, (2005, 1993, 1981, 1969)1993, 1981, 1969)DogDog: : honest, loyal, charismatic honest, loyal, charismatic (2006, 1994, (2006, 1994, 1982, 1970)1982, 1970)Pig:Pig: studious, quiet, affectionate studious, quiet, affectionate (2007, 1995, (2007, 1995, 1983, 1971)1983, 1971)