Chapter 4 Ancient Greece
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Transcript of Chapter 4 Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece, 1900-133 BCE
The First Greek Civilization
The Greek City-States
Classical Greece
The Culture of Classical Greece
Alexander and the Hellenistic Kingdoms
The First Greek Civilizations
Objectives:
1.Describe the Mycenaean
Civilizations
2. Characterize the role models used in the Iliad and Odyssey,
which the Greeks used to present values of courage, honor, and
excellence
The Impact of Geography
Greece occupies a small area with a mountainous peninsula
and numerous islands
The mountains and the sea played especially significant roles in the development of
Greek history
In additionally, small plains and river valleys
Different communities arose according to different regions
The rivalry between the communities led to
warfare that devastated Greek society
Greece has a long seacoast dotted by bays and inlets that provided
many harbors
Seafaring people: *Aegean Sea, the
Mediterranean, and the *Black Sea
The Minoan CivilizationBy 2800 BCE, a Bronze Age
civilization emerged, particularly in Crete
Called the Minoan civilization, it flourished by 2700 and 1450—Arthur Evans (archaeologist)
named it after minos, the legendary king
They had enormous and complex structures, particularly at Knossos
The Ships of the *Minoans took them to Egypt as well as southern
Greece
The centers of Minoan civilization on Crete
suffered a sudden and catastrophic collapse c.
1450 BCE
Tidal wave triggered by a volcanic eruption
destruction was the result of invasion by
mainland Greeks known as the *Mycenaeans
The First Greek State: Mycenae
The term Mycenaean comes from Mycenae—a fortification found by archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann
The civilization, part of the Indo-European nomads, flourished between 1600 and 1100 BCE
The various centers of power probably formed a loose alliance
Among the noticeable features of these Mycenaean centers were the tombs where members of the royal
families were buried
The Mycenaeans were a warrior people who prided themselves on
their heroic deeds
Mycenaean monarchies developed as extensive commercial network—
extensive pottery trade
Military conquest of Crete and other Aegean islands — *Homer
described Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, sacked the city of Troy
Mycenaean states fought one another until waves of Greek-
speaking invaders came from the north around 1100 BCE
The Greeks in a Dark Age
Historians call the period from
approximately 1100 to 750 BCE the Dark Age,
because of the scant records
Large numbers of Greeks left the
mainland and sailed across the Aegean Sea
to various islands
Development of the Dark Age
Colonies were established along
Asia Minor and along *Ionia
A revival of trade and economic activity —Iron replaced bronze in the construction of
weapons
In the eighth century, the Greeks adopted
the Phoenician alphabet
Homer
The Iliad and the Odyssey: two
examples of *epic poetry
Both served as examples of
courage and honor; Homer’s characters
are models of heroism and honor
Objectives:
1.Describe the Mycenaean
Civilizations
2. Characterize the role models used in the Iliad and Odyssey,
which the Greeks used to present values of courage, honor, and
excellence
Greek history was influenced by Greece’s
A. rivers and deltasB. mountains and seacoastsC. deserts and plainsD. glaciers and forests
Most historians think Minoan civilization was
A. invaded and destroyed by MycenaeansB. destroyed by a tidal waveC. conquered by RomeD. invented by Homer
The teaching of Homer included
A. the Phoenician alphabetB. agriculture and tradeC. sailing and warfareD. the values of courage, honor, and excellence
During the Dark Age, some Greeks settled
A. in CreteB. in the Indian subcontinentC. in Ionia, part of Asia MinorD. in Mycenaea
Two major groups who settled within Greece itself were
A. the Aeolians and DoriansB. the Agamemnons and HomersC. the Achilles and PhoeniciansD. the Knossos and Evans
The Greek City-States
Objectives:
1.Describe the polis or city-state, which was the central focus of
Greek life
2. Explain how the search for farmland
and the growth of trade resulted in colonies and the spread of Greek culture and
politics
The Polis: Center of Greek Life
By 750 BCE, the city-state—called a *polis— became the
central focus of Greek life
It served as the center of the polis where people could
meet for political, social, and religious activities; The main
gathering place was a fortified area called an
*acropolis
Below the acropolis was an *agora, an open area that served as a place where people could assemble
Citizens of a polis had rights, but these rights were coupled with responsibilities
City-states fought one another for control of land and trade—early one, with aristocratic
cavalry soldiers
By 700 BCE, the military system was based on *hoplites, who were heavily armed infantry
soldiers forming a *phalanx
Greek Colonies
Each colony became a new polis—this new polis was usually
independent
Thrace, southern Italy, southern France, eastern Spain, and
northern Africa
Established colonies along the shores of the Black Sea,
*Hellespont, and the *Bosporus
The most famous colony was *Byzantium—the spread of Greek culture and politics
Tyranny in the City-States
New groups of rich men arose from these colonies,
fostering the rise of tyrants in the 7th and 6th
century BCE
These tyrants seized power—both the rich and the peasants were tired of the aristocratic dominance
of city-states
Tyrants used hired soldiers—and built marketplaces,
temples, and walls
Tyrants fell out of favor by the 6th century BCE
This transition led to the development of *democracy
in some places, in others *oligarchy
Athens and Sparta are examples of each
Sparta
They needed more land, but instead of starting new colonies, the Spartans
conquered the neighboring Laconians
They also conquered their neighboring Messenia
Both groups became serfs and made to work for the
Spartans, calling them *helots (capture)—creating a
military state
A Military State Between 800 and 600 BCE, the lives of Spartans were rigidly
organized and tightly controlled
Males spent their childhood learning military discipline
Husbands lived in barracks while wives lived at home
Women had greater freedom of movement and greater power in
the household
Spartan women reinforced the military structure—”with the
shield or on it”
Government of Sparta
Oligarchy headed by two kings—a group of five men, known as the *ephors, elected each
year and were responsible for the
education of the citizens
Except for military reasons, Spartans were not allowed to travel abroad; the art of war was the Spartan ideal
Athens
Athens had become a unified polis on the peninsula of Attica, by the 7th century
Athens had become an oligarchy
Near the end of the seventh century BCE, Athens faced political turmoil because of serious economic problems
The ruling Athenian aristocracy to its aristocracy, by giving power to *Solon
Solon’s reforms included the cancelation of land debt, freeing
people from slavery
These did not solve the political strife, leading to the
establishment of a tyranny—particularly by Pisistratus, who
seized power in 560 BCE; Rebellion emerged, led by
*Cleisthenes
He created a new council of 500 which supervised the state—
these reforms led to the foundation for Athenian
democracy
Objectives:
1.Describe the polis or city-state, which was the central focus of
Greek life
2. Explain how the search for farmland
and the growth of trade resulted in colonies and the spread of Greek culture and
politics
A Spartan warrior was told to return from war
A. with lots of black brothB. before he turned 20C. to repay his debtsD. with his shield or on it
Aristocrats in Athens did all of the following except
A. reject SolonB. own the best landC. control political lifeD. run the oligarchy
The reforms of Cleisthenes
A. supported tyrannyB. created a dual kingshipC. laid the foundations of democracyD. laid the foundations of a palace
The word spartan has come to mean
A. highly self-disciplinedB. oligarchicalC. lover of literatureD. democratic
Greek tyrants were
A. all oppressive and wickedB. supporters of aristocratsC.rulers who seized power by forceD. hired soldiers
Classical Greece
Objectives:
1. Examine the Age of Pericles, when Athens became the center of
Greek culture
2. Analyze how the creation of an Athenian empire led to war with
Sparta
The Challenge of Persia
As the Greeks spread, they came into contact with the Persian
Empire to the east
Ionian Greeks led an unsuccessful revolt against *Darius, the Persian
ruler
Persians responded by attacking Greece at Marathon in 490 BCE;
The Persians were defeated—”Victory, we win”
After Darius died, *Xerxes became the new monarch and vowed
revenge
By the time the Persians invaded again, the Greeks had
rebuilt their ships
Xerxes led a massive invasion—180,000 troops and
thousands of warships
The pass of Thermopylae protected by 7,000 Greeks,
including 300 Spartans—”We fight in the shade”
The destruction of Athens and the Battle of Salamis, the final
blow to the Persians
The Growth of the Athenian Empire
After the defeat of the Persians, Athens took leaderships—In 478
BCE, an alliance called the *Delian League was created to defend
against the Persians — island of Delos
The Delian League liberated all the Greek States in Asia Minor, but moved the treasury to Athens
Under *Pericles Athens expanded its new empire abroad—*the Age of
Pericles
The Age of Pericles
The Athenians became attached to
their democratic system—*direct
democracy, the people participate directly in government decision
making
Most residents of Athens were not citizens and thus
could not vote
The assembly passed all laws, elected public officials; ten officials
known as generals were the overall directors of
policy
The Athenians also devised the practice of
*ostracism from ostrakon
Athens became the center of Greek culture, set in
motion by Pericles massive rebuilding
program
The Great Peloponnesian War
After the defeat of the Persians, two major camps emerged: The Athenian Empire and Sparta; These two centers
cause the outbreak of the *Great Peloponnesian War in 431 BCE
The Athenians planned to remain behind its city’s walls; Sparta and her
allies surrounded Athens—Plague broke out, putting an end to
Athenian resistance after 25 years of war
The next 66 years, Sparta, Athens, and Thebes sought to dominate
Greek affairs but *Macedonian power arose at this time
Daily Life in Classical Athens
Slavery was common in the ancient world—most
Athenians owned at least one slave
Most Slaves in Athens worked in the fields or in
the home as cooks and maids
This slavery was not based on race (in part) but culture
and wealth (ex. helots)
The Athenian Economy
The Athenian economy was largely based on farming and trade—
grapes and olives
Athens imported 50 to 80 percent of its grain, a basic
item in their diet
The building of a port at nearby Piraeus helped
Athens become the leading trade center of the
5th century
The Family and the Role of Women
The family’s primary social function was to produce new
citizens
Women could not own property beyond personal items and
always supervised by a male guardian
The woman’s chief obligation was to bear children, especially male
children
She did the household work or supervised slaves
Objectives:
1. Examine the Age of Pericles, when Athens became the center of
Greek culture
2. Analyze how the creation of an Athenian empire led to war with
Sparta
In Athens, by the mid-fifth century BCE, every male citizen
A. was lower classB. voted on all major issuesC. was in the militaryD. broke pottery
Greek city-colonies in Asia Minor
A. welcomed the PersiansB. conquered SpartaC. provoked a Persian invasion of GreeceD. ransacked Athens
After losing the battle of Thermopylae to the Persians, the Athenians
A. abandoned their cityB. colonized IoniaC. fled to ItalyD. traded wine with Xerxes
In 479 BCE, a large, unified Greek army
A. defended the passB. assisted Ionian citiesC. defeated the PersiansD. voted its own leaders
During the Age of Pericles, all of the following were true except
A. not all residents were citizensB. Athens took over leadership of the Greek worldC. office holders were were paidD. the Delian League moved to Persia
Culture of Classical Greece
Objectives:
1. Discuss the Greek philosophers and their
concern with the development of critical
or rational thought about the nature of the
universe
2. Summarize the Greek belief that
ritualized religion was necessary
Greek Religion Religion affected every aspect of Greek life
Twelve chief gods and goddesses were thought to live
on Mount Olympus—Greek Pantheon; Zeus, Athena, Apollo,
Ares, Aphrodite, Poseidon
Greek religion did not have a body of doctrine, nor a focus on
morality
*Rituals were at the center of the religious practice; prayers and sacrifices; Festivals and athletic
games
The Greeks also had a great desire to learn the will of
the gods
*oracles, sacred shrine where a god
or goddess revealed the future or some knowledge through a priest or
priestess
Apollo at Delphi and the story of
Socrates
Greek Drama “Drama” was created by the Greeks, played out in outdoor theaters
*tragedies, often presented in trilogies
The best example is *Aeschylus, Oresteia—these plays relate the fate of Agamemnon, the Trojan War, and his
return home
*Sophocles, Oedipus Rex
Greek tragedies dealt with universal themes still relevant today: the nature
of good and evil, rights of the individual, nature of divine forces,
the nature of human beings
Greek Philosophy
*Philosophy—”the love of wisdom” developed among
Greeks as a critical or rational thought system about the
nature of the universe
*Pythagoras taught that the essence of the universe could
be found in music and numbers
By the 4th century, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle has
emerged—fathers of classical philosophy
SophistsThe Sophists were a group of traveling teachers in ancient
Greece who often argued that it was beyond the reach of the
human mind to understand the universe
Selling their services, there teachers stressed the importance of rhetoric but denied absolute
truth
To them, true wisdom consisted of being able to perceive and pursue
one’s own good
SocratesOne of the critics of the Sophists
was *Socrates, a sculptor philosopher
He wrote nothing, Plato—his student—collected his teachings
The goal of education was only to improve the individual—*Socratic
method
He questioned authority in an age when debate and challenging
authority was distrusted —he was sentenced to death by drinking
hemlock
Plato
Plato or Socrates?
A higher world of eternal, unchanging
Forms—the ideal Forms make up
reality
Tree (senses) and Treeness (ideal form)
The Republic
Aristotle Plato established a school in Athens known as the Academy
*Aristotle did not accept Plato’s theory of ideal forms—
forms are a part of things themselves
Treeness is known by examining trees
Aristotle’s interests lay in analyzing and classifying
things based on observation and investigation: ethics, logic,
politics, poetry, astronomy, geology, biology, and physics
The Writing of History History as we know it was created in the Western world
Herodotus—History of the Persian Wars: conflict between the
Greeks and the Persians, Greek freedom and Persian despotism
*Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War—not
concerned with divine forces or gods as causal factors in history
War and politics were in purely human terms, an activities of
human beings
The Classical Ideals of Greek Art
Classical Greek art was concerned with expressing
eternal ideals: reason, moderation, balance, and
harmony
Some of the finest examples of Greek classical architecture were built in Athens in the 5th century
—Parthenon, dedicated to Athena
Greek sculptors did not seek to achieve realism, but rather a
standard of ideal beauty
Objectives:
1. Discuss the Greek philosophers and their
concern with the development of critical
or rational thought about the nature of the
universe
2. Summarize the Greek belief that
ritualized religion was necessary
The other peoples, Greeks considered religion
A. unnecessaryB. important only for menC. necessary to the well-being of the stateD. to be based on doctrine
Greeks used rituals to
A. encourage the gods to be generousB. find a route to ChinaC. elect kingsD. show the power of humans
Greek tragedies examined all of these topics except
A. good and evilB. individual rightsC. human natureD. criticism of intellectuals
The sixth-century philosopher Pythagoras taught that
A. truth was to be found in music and numbersB. there was a higher world of Ideal FormsC. we should classify things by observationD. war and politics were purely human
Herodotus wrote what is considered
A. the first novelB. the first tragedyC.the first comedyD. the first real history in Western civilziation
Alexander and the Hellenistic Kingdoms
Objectives:
1. Analyze how, under Alexander, Macedonians and Greeks conquered
the Persian Empire
2. Characterize Hellenistic cities
The Threat of Macedonia
The Greeks viewed their northern neighbors, the Macedonians, as
barbarians; They were a rural people organized in groups, not city-states
*Macedonia, by the 5th century, emerged as a powerful kingdom
In 359 BCE, *Philip II came to the throne, he built a powerful army—
wanting to unite all of Greece under Macedonia, defeating Athens at the
Battle of Chaeronea
Philip quickly gained control of all Greece and planned an invasion of
Persia
Alexander the Great
*Alexander the Great was 20 when his father
was assassinated, becoming the king of
Macedonia
Alexander, motivated by the desire for glory and empire, executed
Philip II’s plans for invasion
Alexander’s Conquests
Although weakened, Alexander entered Asia
Minor with an army of 37 thousand Macedonians
and Greeks
Alexander had freed the Ionian Greek cities of
western Asia Minor from the Persians
He built *Alexandria as the Greek capital of Egypt after
its’ conquest
In 331 BCE, Alexander turned east and
fought the decisive battle with the
Persians at Gaugamela
Over the next three years, Alexander moved east and
northeast, as far as modern Pakistan—
though he attempted to conquer Indus
River
Alexander ultimately died, exhausted from wounds, fever, and
too much alcohol
He was a great military leader, a master of strategy and tactics, but
also benefited from his father’s plans
Alexander sought to imitate Achilles—he extended Greek and
Macedonian rule over a vast area
Alexander’s successors tried to imitate him, using force and the claim of divinity; others created
monarchies following new patterns
The Legacy of Alexander
The Hellenistic Kingdoms Greek language, architecture, literature, and art spread
throughout Southwest Asia and the Near East
From Alexander, a *Hellenistic Era was created
The united empire that Alexander created fell apart after his death leading to the creation of four
kingdoms: Macedonia, Syria, the kingdom of *Pergamum, and
Egypt
Alexanders dream was to fuse the Macedonians, Greeks, and Persians
Hellenistic CultureAlexandria became home to poets, writers, philosophers, and scientists
The library in Alexandria became the largest in
ancient times, with more than
5 thousand scrolls—Museum
Architecture, Sculpture, and Literature
Both Hellenistic kings and rich citizens patronized sculptors—thousands of
statues were created
produced an enormous quantity of literature
Appolonius of Rhodes wrote the epic poem called Argonautica—Jason and the
Golden Fleece
ScienceConsiderable advances in the sciences—Astronomy and mathematics
Aristarchus of Samos—developed the theory that the sun is at the center of
the universe and the earth rotates around
*Eratosthenes—determined that Earth was round and calculated it almost
exactly as it is
*Euclid, Elements— a textbook on plane geometry
*Archimedes of Syracuse—geometry of spheres and cylinders, Pi
Philosophy Athens remained the center of Philosophy in the Hellenistic world
*Epicureanism, established a school in Athens arguing that human beings were free to follow self-
interest as a basic motivating force
*Stoicism, created by Zeno, was also concerned with how to find
happiness
To them, happiness could be found only when people gained inner peace by living in harmony but
embraced politics
Objectives:
1. Analyze how, under Alexander, Macedonians and Greeks conquered
the Persian Empire
2. Characterize Hellenistic cities
Epicureanism taught all of the following except
A. pleasure means physical satisfactionB. pleasure is freedom from worryC. freedom comes from a mind at restD. happiness is the goal of life
Stoicism taught that
A. self-interest should drive peopleB. friendship is an idea C. inner peace comes from following God’s willD. public service is evil
Archimedes is associated with all of the following except
A. geometry of spheresB. value of piC. specific gravityD. Earth’s circumference
After Alexander’s death, all of the following happened except
A. four Hellenistic kingdoms emergedB. his united empire continuedC. Greeks and Macedonian became the ruling classD. non-Greek government officials learned Greek
Alexander’s empire extended as far east as
A.PakistanB. BabylonC. JapanD. Rome