Chapter 4Chapter 4

AdolescenceAdolescence

AdolescenceAdolescence

Can be defined several waysCan be defined several ways• Time period of mixed abilities and Time period of mixed abilities and

responsibilitiesresponsibilities

• Some societies do not recognize Some societies do not recognize adolescenceadolescence

Initiation Rite: Ceremony or ritual Initiation Rite: Ceremony or ritual marking acceptance into adulthood.marking acceptance into adulthood.

Adolescence con’tAdolescence con’t

G. Stanley Hall: Adolescence is a G. Stanley Hall: Adolescence is a transitional stage.transitional stage.• Fully grown animal in a cage.Fully grown animal in a cage.• Storm and stress. Confused, troubled, Storm and stress. Confused, troubled,

and highly Frustratedand highly Frustrated

Margaret Mead: Adolescent storm Margaret Mead: Adolescent storm and stress by product of and stress by product of industrialized society.industrialized society.

Adolescence con’tAdolescence con’t

Contemporary studies tend to Contemporary studies tend to support Mead’s theory.support Mead’s theory.

• 11% encounter serious difficulty11% encounter serious difficulty

• 32% experience sporadic problems32% experience sporadic problems

• 57% enjoy basically positive, healthy 57% enjoy basically positive, healthy developmentdevelopment

Robert Havighurst (1972) identified Robert Havighurst (1972) identified tasks of the Adolescenttasks of the Adolescent

Accepting physical Accepting physical make-up/acquiring make-up/acquiring masculine or feminine masculine or feminine traitstraits

Develop appropriate Develop appropriate relations with age-relations with age-mates (both sexes)mates (both sexes)

Become emotionally Become emotionally independent from independent from parents and other parents and other adultsadults

Achieving assurance Achieving assurance of economic of economic independenceindependence

Deciding, preparing, Deciding, preparing, and entering a and entering a vocationvocation

Developing necessary Developing necessary cognitive skills and cognitive skills and concepts for social concepts for social competencecompetence

Understanding and Understanding and achieving socially achieving socially responsible behaviorresponsible behavior

Preparing for marriage Preparing for marriage and familyand family

Acquiring harmonious Acquiring harmonious & appropriate values& appropriate values

Adolescence con’tAdolescence con’t

Development is highly individualizedDevelopment is highly individualized

Many factors affect development:Many factors affect development:

• Adjustments in childhoodAdjustments in childhood• Level of adjustment of parents and Level of adjustment of parents and

peerspeers• Changes that occur during adolescenceChanges that occur during adolescence

Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development

Adolescence is accompanied with Adolescence is accompanied with puberty-the biological event that puberty-the biological event that marks the end of childhood (Sexual marks the end of childhood (Sexual Maturity)Maturity)

• Average girl begins puberty between 8-Average girl begins puberty between 8-10 yrs old.10 yrs old.

• Average boy begins between 9-16Average boy begins between 9-16

Physical Development con’tPhysical Development con’t

Experience growth spurt prior to Experience growth spurt prior to pubertypuberty

Girls experience menarche-1Girls experience menarche-1stst menstrual cyclemenstrual cycle

Boys experience spermarche- 1Boys experience spermarche- 1stst ejaculationejaculation

Physical Development con’tPhysical Development con’t

Rate and pattern of development Rate and pattern of development varies so much there is no way to varies so much there is no way to apply norms and standardsapply norms and standards

Boys and girls can both experience Boys and girls can both experience asynchrony- uneven growth or asynchrony- uneven growth or maturation of body partsmaturation of body parts

DevelopmentDevelopment Age in GirlsAge in Girls Age in BoysAge in Boys

Puberty BeginsPuberty Begins 8-108-10 9-169-16

Growth Spurt PeaksGrowth Spurt Peaks 1212 1414

Menarche/ SpermarcheMenarche/ Spermarche 10-17/another 10-17/another year before cycle year before cycle becomes regularbecomes regular

12-1312-13

DevelopmentDevelopment Charac. In Charac. In GirlsGirls

Charac. In Charac. In BoysBoys

Prior to Growth SpurtPrior to Growth Spurt Fat tissue develops-Fat tissue develops-Retained through Retained through puberty, even addedpuberty, even added

Fat tissue develops - Fat tissue develops - Quickly lost.Quickly lost.

Growth SpurtGrowth Spurt Grow 2-3 in/year, Grow 2-3 in/year, breasts and hips fill breasts and hips fill out, develop pubic out, develop pubic hair. Experience hair. Experience menarchemenarche

Develop pubic hair and Develop pubic hair and larger genitalia. larger genitalia. Shoulders broaden, Shoulders broaden, trunk thickens. Develop trunk thickens. Develop more muscle tissue and more muscle tissue and larger heart and lungs. larger heart and lungs. Voice deepens, hair Voice deepens, hair grows on face and chest. grows on face and chest. SpermarcheSpermarche

Growth Spurt Con’tGrowth Spurt Con’t Begins earlier for girlsBegins earlier for girls Begins 24-27 months Begins 24-27 months after girls, lasts 3 after girls, lasts 3 years longer.years longer.

Reactions to GrowthReactions to Growth

Adolescents want to fit inAdolescents want to fit in

Tend to compare themselves to Tend to compare themselves to culture’s body idealsculture’s body ideals

Rate of development can affect Rate of development can affect personality. Can result in a self-personality. Can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy.fulfilling prophecy.

Sexual DevelopmentSexual Development

Patterns of sexual behavior vary from Patterns of sexual behavior vary from generation to generation and culture to generation to generation and culture to cultureculture

Fear of STD’s, AIDS, and unwanted Fear of STD’s, AIDS, and unwanted pregnancy have caused adolescents to pregnancy have caused adolescents to examine risks of sexual activity.examine risks of sexual activity.

Caused debate over role of family, Caused debate over role of family, religion, and government in sex ed.religion, and government in sex ed.

Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

At age 11-12, reach formal At age 11-12, reach formal Operations thinking. Can think Operations thinking. Can think abstractlyabstractly

Can rationalize unpleasant emotions Can rationalize unpleasant emotions or behaviorsor behaviors

Rate varies. Culture may be a factor.Rate varies. Culture may be a factor. Adolescents may struggle regulating.Adolescents may struggle regulating.

Problems developedProblems developed

Finding fault with authorityFinding fault with authority ArgumentativenessArgumentativeness IndecisivenessIndecisiveness Apparent HypocrisyApparent Hypocrisy Self-ConsciousnessSelf-Consciousness InvulnerabilityInvulnerability

Moral DevelopmentMoral Development

Before adolescence, morality based Before adolescence, morality based on consequences.on consequences.

Adolescents move to Stage Adolescents move to Stage 4(Kohlberg): Socially acceptable.4(Kohlberg): Socially acceptable.

Some advance to Stage 5 and 6.Some advance to Stage 5 and 6.• 5: Fair and just5: Fair and just• 6: Form absolute ethical principles6: Form absolute ethical principles

Parent relationship has largest Parent relationship has largest impactimpact

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial DevelopmentDevelopment

Identity Crisis- A time of inner conflict Identity Crisis- A time of inner conflict during which adolescents worry during which adolescents worry intensely about their identityintensely about their identity

Stage 5:Identity vs. Role ConfusionStage 5:Identity vs. Role Confusion• Who am IWho am I• Find a way to express themselves Find a way to express themselves

through an identity that is socially through an identity that is socially acceptableacceptable

James MarciaJames Marcia

Agreed with EriksonAgreed with Erikson 4 stages of identity:4 stages of identity:

• 1.Identity Moratorium-Have considered, 1.Identity Moratorium-Have considered, made no decisionmade no decision

• 2.Identity Foreclosure-Have made 2.Identity Foreclosure-Have made decisions based on influence of others.decisions based on influence of others.

• 3. Identity Confused- Have not 3. Identity Confused- Have not considered and made no decisionconsidered and made no decision

• 4.Identity achievement- Have made 4.Identity achievement- Have made decision freely and openly.decision freely and openly.

Social Learning ViewSocial Learning View

Albert Bandura-Learn identity Albert Bandura-Learn identity through interactionthrough interaction

Margaret Mead- continuous process.Margaret Mead- continuous process.

Social DevelopmentSocial Development

Achieving autonomy is a major goal Achieving autonomy is a major goal of adolescenceof adolescence

Families have changed markedly Families have changed markedly since 1970since 1970• Parents must deal with letting children Parents must deal with letting children

gogo• Children struggle with fear of failing.Children struggle with fear of failing.

Social DevelopmentSocial Development

Peer groups eventually replace Peer groups eventually replace parents.parents.

Cliques reinforce and influence Cliques reinforce and influence behavior.behavior.

Personal characteristics are a major Personal characteristics are a major factor in acceptancefactor in acceptance

Social DevelopmentSocial Development

Fear of being disliked leads to Fear of being disliked leads to conformityconformity

Basic values still heavily influenced Basic values still heavily influenced by parentsby parents

Difficulties during adolescenceDifficulties during adolescence

Changes can lead to psychological Changes can lead to psychological problemsproblems

Adolescents have feeling of Adolescents have feeling of invulnerabilityinvulnerability

Many carry troubles with them to Many carry troubles with them to adulthood.adulthood.

Depression and SuicideDepression and Suicide

Can be triggered by lossCan be triggered by loss• DeathDeath• RelocationRelocation• Separation/DivorceSeparation/Divorce

Depressed teen will appear angry Depressed teen will appear angry and act outand act out

Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa-refusing to eatAnorexia Nervosa-refusing to eat• See themselves as fatSee themselves as fat• Refusal to grow upRefusal to grow up• Control over lifeControl over life

Bulimia Nervosa-binge and purgeBulimia Nervosa-binge and purge• Obsessed with body shape and weightObsessed with body shape and weight• Need to find approvalNeed to find approval• Depression, anxiety, and mood swingsDepression, anxiety, and mood swings

Gender RolesGender Roles

Gender Identity-Physical Traits that Gender Identity-Physical Traits that make one male or femalemake one male or female

Gender Role-Standard by which a Gender Role-Standard by which a certain Gender Identity is supposed certain Gender Identity is supposed to behaveto behave• Partly defined by genetic make-upPartly defined by genetic make-up• Mostly defined by society and cultureMostly defined by society and culture

Gender RolesGender Roles

Gender Roles vary from culture to Gender Roles vary from culture to culture.culture.

May change over time within one May change over time within one culture culture

In our society, Gender Roles have In our society, Gender Roles have blurred.blurred.• Androgynous Roles-involve mixture of Androgynous Roles-involve mixture of

traditionally male and female roles. traditionally male and female roles.

Gender Differences: PersonalityGender Differences: Personality

Males more self-confidentMales more self-confident Women perceive as less confident, Women perceive as less confident,

unless given direct feedback.unless given direct feedback. Males use physical aggression. Males use physical aggression.

Females use verbal aggression.Females use verbal aggression. Men actually talk moreMen actually talk more Women use hedges, disclaimers, and Women use hedges, disclaimers, and

tag questions.tag questions.

Gender Differences: Cognitive Gender Differences: Cognitive AbilitiesAbilities

Little difference between males and Little difference between males and femalesfemales

Perform the same until high schoolPerform the same until high school• Males outperform in problem solving Males outperform in problem solving

and mathematicsand mathematics• Females better at tracking objectsFemales better at tracking objects

Origins of Gender DifferencesOrigins of Gender Differences

Biological Theory-Genetic, evolved from Biological Theory-Genetic, evolved from behaviors of early peoplebehaviors of early people

Psychoanalytical-develop from identifying Psychoanalytical-develop from identifying with same-sex parentwith same-sex parent

Social Learning Theory-Children learn roles Social Learning Theory-Children learn roles through observationthrough observation

Cognitive-Developmental Theory-acquire Cognitive-Developmental Theory-acquire roles through interacting and then thinking roles through interacting and then thinking about experiencesabout experiences• Develop Gender SchemaDevelop Gender Schema

Changing Gender RolesChanging Gender Roles

Have changed dramatically in US in Have changed dramatically in US in last 40 yearslast 40 years

Women still advance slower than Women still advance slower than men in the workplace.men in the workplace.