Chapter 4
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Transcript of Chapter 4
Chapter 4Development
Prenatal Development & the Newborn• Developmental Psychology:• A branch of psychology that studies the physical,
cognitive, and social changes throughout the life span
Prenatal Development & the Newborn
Prenatal Development & the Newborn• Zygote• Fertilized egg • 2 week period of rapid cell division• Develops into an embryo
• Embryo• 2 weeks after fertilization until the second month• Formation of organs
• Fetus• The developing human organism from 9 weeks after
conception until birth
Prenatal Development & the Newborn 40 days 45 days 2 months
4 months
Prenatal Development & the Newborn• Teratogens• Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome (FAS)• Physical and cognitive abnormalities• Pre and post-natal birth deficiencies
Photo courtesy of Teresa Kellerman
Brain Damage from Prenatal Alcohol
• Brain on the left was from a 5 day old child with FAS
Prenatal Development & the Newborn• Reflexes• Newborns are equipped for survival• “Rooting” reflex
• Preferences• Prefer certain sights and sounds• Prefer things that facilitate social interaction • Gaze longer at pictures resembling the human face
Infancy & Childhood: Physical Development• Maturation• Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior• Relatively uninfluenced by experience
At birth 3 months 15 monthsCortical Neurons
Infancy & Childhood: Physical Development
Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile--and can retain that learning for a month
(Rovee-Collier, 1989, 1997).
Cognitive Development• Jean Piaget• Developmental psychologist• Administered intelligence tests to children• Became obsessed with their wrong answers• Concluded that a child’s brain is not a miniature version of
an adult’s• But that they think differently
Infancy & Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentSchemaAssimilationAccommodation
Cognition
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Typical Age Range
Description of Stage
Developmental Phenomena
Birth to nearly 2 years SensorimotorExperiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing)
•Object permanence•Stranger anxiety
About 2 to 6 years
About 7 to 11 years
About 12 through adulthood
PreoperationalRepresenting things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning
•Pretend play•Egocentrism•Language development
Concrete operationalThinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
•Conservation •Mathematical transformations
Formal operationalAbstract reasoning
•Abstract logic•Potential for moral reasoning
Infancy & Childhood: Cognitive Development• Object Permanence• Awareness that things continue to exist even when not
perceived
Infancy & Childhood: Cognitive Development
• Conservation
Infancy & Childhood: Cognitive Development• Egocentrism• Preoperational child’s inability to take another’s point of
view• Birthday parties and presents
• Theory of Mind• Begin forming in preschool• Begin to develop ideas about other people’s mental states
and emotions• Stranger Anxiety• The fear of strangers that infants display • Begins usually around 8 mos
Infancy & Childhood: Cognitive Development• Attachment• Mary Ainsworth• Strange Situation• Studied basic attachment patterns in the first six
months• After spending time with mother/child pair, mother
leaves the room • Findings:• Securely Attached• Comfortable and happy when mother is present• Distressed w
• Insecurely Attached
Attachment• Findings:• Securely Attached• Comfortable and happy when mother is present• Distressed when mother leaves but seeks contact when
mother returns• Insecurely Attached• Ambivalent• Less likely to explore environment and clings to mother• When mother leaves, very upset and stays upset• OR seems indifferent when mother returns
• Avoidant• No signs of distress when mother leaves• Ignores or avoids mother when returns
Social Development• Body Contact• Harry Harlow• “Harlow’s Monkeys”
Social Development• Familiarity• Attach to what is familiar
• Critical Period• Optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s
exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
• Imprinting• Process in which certain animals form attachments during
a critical period during very early life• Children do not imprint• Mere exposure breeds familiarity
Social Development• Why is primary caregiver role so important?• Developmental psychologist Erik Erikson• Securely attached children have a sense of basic trust-
that the world is predictable and reliable• Attributed to early parenting• Power of attachment gradually relaxes, but never
ceases
Social Development: Child Rearing Practices• 3 Parenting Styles• Authoritarian• Characterized by little discussion between parent and child about
rules• Parents “say” all the time • Little compromise
• Permissive• Submit to the child• Make few demands of the child• Often characterized by lack of respect for the parent• Little punishment
• Authoritative• Demand and respond• Exert control but not by strict rules• Explain with reasoning and discussion
Adolescence• Adolescence: transition between childhood and
adulthood• Puberty• Menarche• Primary Sex Characteristics• Begin to develop dramatically
• Secondary Sex Characteristics• Non-reproductive sex traits• Breasts, hair growth, deep voice, etc
Adolescence
10 20
7.2 Year Interval
10 20
12.5 Year Interval
Age
Age
1890, Women
1995, Women
In the 1890’s the average interval between a woman’s menarche and marriage was about 7 years; now it is over 12 years
Adolescence Height in
centimeters190
170
150
130
110
90
70
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Age in years
Boys Girls
Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14.
Cognitive Development• Lawrence Kohlberg sought to describe moral
development• Agreed with Piaget, that children’s moral
judgments build on their cognitive development• Understanding right v. wrong• Developed “moral dilemmas” • Asked children, adolescents, and adults if their action was
right or wrong
Kohlberg & Morals• Pass through three
levels of moral thinking
• Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder
• Tied to cognitive development
Preconventional level
Morality of self-interest:to avoid punishment
or gain concrete rewards
Conventional level
Morality of law andsocial rules: to gainapproval or avoid
disapproval
Postconventionallevel
Morality of abstractprinciples: to affirm
agreed-upon rights andpersonal ethical principles
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Adolescence: Social Development• Identity• Have many “selves”• Role confusion resolves with the formation of an identity• Identity: one’s sense of self • Erikson- one’s goal is to solidify a sense of self by
testing and integrating various roles• Can be life long
• Intimacy• Follows development of an identity• Intimacy: the ability to form close, loving relationships• Primary developmental task in late adolescence and
early adulthood
Adulthood: Physical Development• Menopause• Alzheimer