Chapter 4 & 5

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Chapter Four:Messages and Meanings

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Distinctions Between Verbal and Nonverbal MessagesVerbal Messages

o Explicit o Preciseo Linguistic Codes o Cognitive

Componento Content o Used to Clarify

Nonverbal Messageso Implicito Imprecise o Nonlinguistic o Affective

Componento Clarify or replace o Accidental and

Expressive Communication


Albert Mehrabian

Elements

In Conveying

a Message


Functions of Nonverbal Messages


Accenting

Nonverbal messages that highlight, stress, or enhance the verbal message.

Example: Raising your voice to make a dramatic point.


Complementing

Nonverbal function of adding to, clarifying, enriching, emphasizing, or supplementing a verbal message.

Example: Telling someone you love them while holding them.


Contradicting

Use of nonverbal messages that are opposite to verbal messages.

Example: Saying you like someone while rolling your eyes.


Repeating

Nonverbal messages that restate, reinforce, duplicate, or reiterate the verbal message.

Example: Saying “stop” while holding your hand out in a stop indicator.


Regulating

Nonverbal messages that allow us to control, monitor, coordinate, and manage verbal communication.

Example: Looking at your watch repeatedly as an indication that a conversation needs to end.


Substituting

Nonverbal message that can be used instead of a verbal message.

Example: Instead of saying hello, you just wave at someone.


KinesicsThe study of the communicative aspects of gestures and bodily movements.


Emblems Gestures and movements that have a direct verbal translation. Emblems are known by most or all of a group, class, culture, or subculture. They can be used to stimulate specific meanings in the minds of others in place of verbal communication.


Illustrators Gestures and movements that are closely linked with spoken language and help to illustrate what is being said.


Regulators Gestures and movements that, along with eye and vocal cues, maintain and regulate the back‑and‑forth interaction between speakers and listeners during spoken dialogue.


Affect Displays Cues that involve primarily facial expressions but also include a persons posture, gait, limb movements, and other behaviors that provide information about her or his emotional state or mood.


Adaptors Unintentional behaviors that are usually responses to boredom or stress or responses closely linked with negative feelings toward ourselves or others.


Courtship Readiness Cues

Nonverbal behaviors that are exhibited in the courtship situation (3 types).


Positional Cues How we arrange our bodies either to adapt to or to reject others. Open vs. Closed body orientation


Preening Behavior Such actions as stroking the hair, fixing the collar on a dress or shirt, touching up one's makeup, and adjusting clothing such as socks and ties.


Actions of appeal or invitation Flirtatious glances, batting one's eyelashes, seductive body movements, flexing the muscles, and thrusting out the chest.


Types of Nonverbal Messages: Physical Appearance and Attractiveness

Physical attractiveness Body Structure

oEndomorphic body type

oMesomorphic body type

oEctomorphic body type


Types of Nonverbal Messages: Dress and ArtifactsThree functions of clothing

oComfort and protection

oModesty

oCultural displayArtifacts


Types of Nonverbal Messages: Facial Expressions and Eye Behavior

Facial Expressions Techniques

o Intensify o Deintensifyo Neutralizeo Mask

Oculesics (eye)Functions

o Control flow of interaction

o Establish relationshipo Maintain relationship o Express feelings o Show respect o Communicate

attention and interest


Universal Facial Expressions

SadnessAngerDisgustFearInterestSurprise

Happiness


Types of Nonverbal Messages: Use of the Voice (Paralanguage)

Functions

oCommunicates an imageoCommunicates emotional status oShows socioeconomic level and status o Indicates background and culture oRegulate conversationoShow interest


Types of Nonverbal Messages: Use of the Voice (Paralanguage)

Vocal Quality oPitchoRangeoArticulationoRhythm control

oLip control


VocalizationsoVocal characterizers (laughing/crying)

oVocal qualifiers (pitch height/loudness or softness)

oVocal segregates (uhs, umms, er)


Types of Nonverbal Messages: Territory and Personal Space

Proxemics: How we use space.

Personal Space: Personal

bubble.

Territoriality: Claimed space.


Expanding on Personal Space

Hall’s Categories of Personal Space

oIntimate (0-18 inches)

oPersonal (18” to 4 feet)

oSocial (4 to 8 feet)

oPublic (8+ feet)


Handling Space Violations

First, you can withdraw from the situation. Second, you can learn to avoid situations

in which you know you are likely to have your space invaded.

Third, you can build bound aries or insulate yourself from others invading your personal space.

Finally, you can fight or defend your space.


Five Functions of Haptics (touch)


Functional-Professional Touch

Impersonal, businesslike touch used to accomplish or perform some task or service.


Social-Polite Touch

Affirms or acknowledges the other person’s identity. This type of touch follows strict cultural codes.


Friendship-Warmth Touch

Lets another person know that we care for, value, and have an interest in her or him.


Love-Intimacy Touch

Touch that expresses emotional and affective attachment and caring. It is usually a hug, caress, or stroke.


Sexual Arousal Touch

Touch that can be a part of love‑intimacy, but it can also be distinct. Sexual‑arousal touch can include the use of a person as an object of attraction or lust, or even monetary gain.


12 Steps to Sexual Intimacy

1. Eye to Body

2. Eye to Eye

3. Voice to Voice

4. Hand to Hand

5. Arm to Shoulder

6. Arm to Waist

7. Mouth to Mouth

8. Hand to Head

9. Hand to Body

10.Mouth to Breast

11.Hand to Genitals

12.Genitals to Genitals


Types of Nonverbal Messages: Environmental Factors

Formality Warmth Privacy Familiarity Constraint Distance


Types of Nonverbal Messages: Smell (Olfactics)

Our sense of smell affects:

oOur moods

oAttitudes about others

oPerceptions of others

oCommunication orientation toward others


ChronemicsThe Study of Time


Cultural Time OrientationsMonochronic: M‑time emphasizes the

scheduling of activities one at a time, the segmentation of work, and the promptness of work.

Polychronic: P‑time emphasizes the involvement of many people and is less rigid about the ordering of events and scheduling. People functioning on P‑time believe in handling several transactions at once.


Types of Time


Technical Time

Refers to precise, scientific measurements of time. It has the least correlation with interpersonal communication.

The Directorate of Time


Formal Time

The way in which a culture keeps track of time.

Myan Calendar Sun Dial Clock


Informal Time

The most difficult cultural time orientation to understand and learn; it varies greatly from culture to culture. It is the casual time employed by a culture. It is often unconscious and determined by the situation or context in which it is used.


Psychological Time

Past

Present

Future


Biological Time

How people feel and react physically to time, and the effects of time on physical well‑being.

oOwls

oSparrows

oSprowls


Chapter Five: Messages and Relationships

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Immediacy

The degree of perceived physical or psychologi cal distance between people in a relationship.


Verbal Immediacy

Messages that suggest openness to the other, friendship for the other, or empathy with the other.

“We & Us” Instead of “I & You”"I see what you mean," "Tell me more," "that is a

good point," and "I think so too" will create increased immediacy.

"Oh, shut up," "That is stupid," "I thought of that years ago," "Frankly, I don't care what you think." will decrease immediacy


Nonverbal Immediacy

Gestures and Body Movements Physical Appearance and AttractivenessDress and Artifacts Facial Expressions and Eye Behavior Voice Space Touch Environmental Factors Small Time


Outcomes of Immediacy

Immediacy will likely: Increase communication between

participants and interactants. Increase attentiveness by the

interactants. Increase the likelihood that listening will

improve between the interactants. Lead to liking between the interactants.


Disadvantages to Immediacy

In some cases, immediacy may: Reduce privacy between individuals

because of increased pressure to communicate.

Increase the anxiety of the touch-avoidant or communication-apprehensive individual.

Make people feel like they have lost control of the situation.

Be Misinterpreted as invitations to intimacy.


Intimacy

The perceived depth of a relationship between people.


Self-Disclosure

Messages that reveal information that is private and personal to another.


Social Penetration Theory

Breadth Depth

As relationships become more intimate, self disclosure goes from breadth to depth.


Sexual Relations

Casual Sex

Instant Intimacy


Status A person's position in some

hierarchy. Status Differential

o Eye Contact o Kinesics Behaviorso Vocal Behavioro Use of Space and Touch o Use of Time o Dress

Chapter 4 & 5

Education

Transcript of Chapter 4 & 5