Animal KingdomVertebrates

Chapter 3.8

Mrs. Christman

Scientists classify animals based on cell structure, how cells are organized into tissues, how tissues are organized into organs, and how organs are organized into systems.

What characteristics do scientists use to classify animals?

Vertebrates are animals that have backbones. The backbone helps an animal turn its body.

What are Vertebrates?

Section 30-1

Nonvertebratechordates

FishesAmphibians

ReptilesBirds

Mammals

Invertebrate ancestor

Chordate Cladogram

Fish – Basic Facts

Agnatha (Jawless Fish) – ◦Have mouths of soft tissue with no

true teeth.◦Have no jaws or bones◦Skeletons are made of cartilage (not bone)◦These fish do not have a true backbone, but

they do have a tough nerve cord that runs down their back.

◦They look more like big worms than like fish

◦Lampreys, Hagfish

Groups of Fish

Lamprey

Hayfish

Chondrichthyes – ◦Have jaws◦Skeletons are made of cartilage (not

bone)◦The cartilage running down their

backs is made of a chain of smaller parts called vertebrae

◦Have paired fins◦Sharks, sea rays

Groups of FishSea Ray

Whale Shark - Chondrichthyes

Osteichthyes (bony fish)–

◦Have bones instead of cartilage

◦Have fins that look like fans with spokes in them

◦Have a movable flap over their gills that allows them to breathe while staying still

◦Unlike sharks, most bony fish have an organ called a swim bladder, or air sac, that allows them to hover at any depth

◦Majority of fish fall in this group

◦Carp, sea horse, perch, etc.

Groups of Fish

Amphibian = “double life” Larvae (babies) live in water; adults live on land

Most larvae are fishlike; adults are terrestrial carnivores

Larvae respire through skin/gills; Adults use lungs

Most adult amphibians have four legs and moist skin that is not covered with scales

Amphibians – Basic Facts

Section 30-3

Adult FrogAdult Frog

Young FrogYoung Frog

Fertilized EggsFertilized Eggs

TadpolesTadpoles

Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization. The eggs

hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.

The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.

Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.

Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.

The Life Cycle of a Frog

that allow for

are

that providethat allow

are

and have special adaptations such as

larvæ they live in adults they live on

Section 30-3 means

as

Efficientmovement

Breathing air

Support and protection

Bones Lungs Ribs

Amphibians

Water Land

“Double life”

Salamanders – ◦ Long bodies and tails◦ Adults are carnivorous◦ Usually live in moist woods

Frogs and Toads – ◦ Lack tails◦ Frogs have long legs and are usually tied to

water◦ Toads have shorter legs and not as closely

tied to water Caecilians –

◦ Legless animals that burrow in moist soil◦ Have fishlike scales

Groups of Amphibians

Spotted Salamander

Poison Dart Frog

Fire Bellied Toad Caecilian

All reptiles have:◦Dry, scaly skin – helps prevent loss of body

water in dry environments◦Leathery eggs◦Breathes through lungs

Cold-blooded

Reptiles – Basic Facts

Nile CrocodileNorth American Alligator

Coral Snake

Lizards and Snakes◦ Have legs & clawed toes (lizards) external ears,

moveable eyelids◦ Highly evolved specialized forms (venom)

Crocodiles and Alligators◦ Long, typically broad snout and squat

appearance◦ All are carnivorous◦ Protective of young; carry hatchlings in their

mouth◦ Live in tropics and subtropics◦ Alligators live in freshwater◦ Crocodiles live in fresh or saltwater

Groups of Reptiles

Turtles and Tortoises –◦ All are shelled◦ Turtles are aquatic; tortoises are terrestrial

Tuatara – ◦ Primitive reptiles found on small, remote islands

Groups of Reptiles (con.)

Sea TurtleGalapagos Tortoise Tuatara

Nearly 10,000 modern bird species Birds are closely related to reptiles (scales on

legs) Have feathers, two legs used for walking or

perching, and forelimbs modified into wings Feathers separate birds from all other animal

species Feathers provide insulation for warmth; can

generate on body heat Beak/Bills adapted to type of food they eat Highly efficient respiratory system; lungs only

exposed to oxygen rich air Lay eggs

Birds – Basic Facts

Section 31-2

which are that also that power that provide that ensure

have the followingadaptations to flight

Birds

Homologous tofront limbs in other

vertebrates

Providewarmth

Upward anddownward wing

strokes

One-way flowof O2-rich air

O2 distributionto body tissues

Wings FeathersStrong chest

muscles

Efficientrespiratory

system

Efficientcirculatory

system

Purple Finch

Red-Tailed Hawk

Stork

Emu

Basic characteristics◦Hair◦Feed milk to their young◦Have lungs to breathe air◦Warm blooded– can generate own

body heat◦ Give birth to babies

Mammals – Basic Facts