Chapter 36 Skeletal System. Skeleton Supports the body Protects internal organs Provides for...
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Transcript of Chapter 36 Skeletal System. Skeleton Supports the body Protects internal organs Provides for...
![Page 1: Chapter 36 Skeletal System. Skeleton Supports the body Protects internal organs Provides for movement Stores mineral reserves Provides site for blood.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649cc05503460f949875ba/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 36
Skeletal System
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Skeleton
• Supports the body• Protects internal
organs• Provides for
movement• Stores mineral
reserves• Provides site for
blood cell formation
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• 206 bones in the adult human body
• Axial- supports central axis– Skull, vertebral column and rib cage
• Appendicular– Arms, legs, pelvis and shoulder area
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Structure of bones• Network of living cells and protein fibers
surrounded by deposits of calcium salts• Periosteum- tough connective tissue layer
surrounding bone • Compact bone- dense outer bone with
Haversian canals that contain blood vessels and nerves
• Spongy bone- found closer to center than compact bones and the ends of long bones and middle of short, flat bones
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Development of Bones
• Early in development the structure is cartilage- a protein fiber network of collagen and elastin with no blood vessels
• Ossification- process of bone replacing cartilage
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• Osteoclasts- break down bone
• Osteoblasts- produce new bonethese both are found lining Haversian canals
• Bone Marrow- soft tissue– Yellow- made up of fat cells– Red- produces red blood cells, some white
blood cells and cell fragments called platelets
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Types of Joints• Joint- where one bone
attaches to another bone• Immovable Joints
– Interlocked and held together by connective tissue or fused ex) skull
• Slightly Movable Joints– Allow small restricted
movements ex) tibia/fibula
• Freely Movable Joints– Move in one or more
directions
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Freely Movable Joints
• Ball and socket- widest range of motion– Ex) shoulder
• Hinge- back and forth motion – Ex) knee
• Pivot- one bone to rotate around another– Ex) elbow
• Saddle- one bone to slide in 2 directions– Ex) finger
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More Joint Information
• Ligaments- bone to bone
• Tendons- bone to muscles
• Synovial fluid- forms a thin film on cartilage in joint capsule to lubricate movement
• Bursae- sacs of synovial fluid- reduce friction and act as a shock absorber
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36-2 Muscular System• 3 types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth
and cardiac• Skeletal
– Attached to bones– Responsible for voluntary movements– Also called striated muscle
• Smooth– Not under voluntary control– Found in hollow structures like the stomach,
blood vessels and intestines– Function without nervous stimulation
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• Cardiac
– Found in the heart– Shares characteristics of both skeletal and
smooth muscle– May have two nuclei in the cells– Usually not under the direct control of the CNS
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Muscle Contraction• Myosin-protein found in the thick filaments
of the muscle cells
• Actin- protein found in the thin filaments
• These filaments are arranged into a muscle fiber called a sarcomere
• The ends of the sarcomeres are called Z lines
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36-3 Integumentary System
• Means “to cover”
• Includes skin, hair, nails, and glands
• Function: serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helping to regulate body temp, remove waste products from the body and provide protection against UV rays from the sun
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• Skin– Epidermis-outer layer of skin– Dermis– Subcutaneous layer of fat and loose
connective tissue that help insulate
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• Epidermis-outer layer of skin– Outer layer- made up of flat, dead cells
• Begin making keratin (a tough, fibrous protein)
– Inner layer is make up of living cells• Undergo rapid cell division
– Melanocytes• Produce melanin- a dark brown pigment that
protects the skin from damage caused by UV rays
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• Dermis– Contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve
endings, glands, sensory receptors, smooth muscles and hair follicles
– Regulates body temperature– Two types of glands: sweat and sebaceous