Chapter 36: Africa 1945-Present
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Transcript of Chapter 36: Africa 1945-Present
Chapter 36:Chapter 36:Africa 1945-PresentAfrica 1945-Present
Section 1: Achieving IndependenceSection 1: Achieving IndependenceSection 2: Programs for DevelopmentSection 2: Programs for DevelopmentSection 3: Three Nations: A Closer LookSection 3: Three Nations: A Closer LookSection 4: Struggles in Southern AfricaSection 4: Struggles in Southern Africa
Section 1: Achieving IndependenceSection 1: Achieving Independence Summary:Summary:
• After WWII, a tide of nationalism swept After WWII, a tide of nationalism swept through Africa resulting in independence for through Africa resulting in independence for many nations many nations
Section 1: Achieving IndependenceSection 1: Achieving Independence At the end of WWII, most of Africa was At the end of WWII, most of Africa was
under European ruleunder European rule• Only Ethiopia, Liberia, Egypt and South Africa Only Ethiopia, Liberia, Egypt and South Africa
were independentwere independent A call for freedom swept Africa after 1945A call for freedom swept Africa after 1945
Section 1: Achieving IndependenceSection 1: Achieving Independence Colonial rule left its mark on AfricaColonial rule left its mark on Africa
• Colonial borders forced many ethic groups Colonial borders forced many ethic groups into one nationinto one nation
• New leaders had to build unity among people New leaders had to build unity among people of different backgrounds and customsof different backgrounds and customs
• Yet, Africa lacked experienced, educated Yet, Africa lacked experienced, educated leadersleaders
• New nations relied on Europe as a source of New nations relied on Europe as a source of goods and a market for exportsgoods and a market for exports
• At the same time, Europeans still owned At the same time, Europeans still owned farms and mines that influenced the farms and mines that influenced the economyeconomy
Section 1: Achieving IndependenceSection 1: Achieving Independence Colonies gained self-rule by both peaceful Colonies gained self-rule by both peaceful
and violent meansand violent means• Kwame Nkrumah led the Gold Coast (Ghana) Kwame Nkrumah led the Gold Coast (Ghana)
to freedom from Britainto freedom from Britain Like many Africa leaders, Nkrumah had gone to Like many Africa leaders, Nkrumah had gone to
school in the West and had become a skilled school in the West and had become a skilled speakerspeaker
The political party he created called for peaceful The political party he created called for peaceful strikes and boycottsstrikes and boycotts
Section 1: Achieving IndependenceSection 1: Achieving Independence In Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta led a nonviolent In Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta led a nonviolent
effort for independence from Britaineffort for independence from Britain• However, a group known as the Mau Mau However, a group known as the Mau Mau
used Guerilla warfareused Guerilla warfare• The British jailed Kenyatta and crushed the The British jailed Kenyatta and crushed the
Mau Mau rebelsMau Mau rebels Still the struggle went onStill the struggle went on In 1963, Kenyatta became head of a free KenyaIn 1963, Kenyatta became head of a free Kenya
Section 1: Achieving IndependenceSection 1: Achieving Independence It took a bloody war to free Algeria from It took a bloody war to free Algeria from
FranceFrance• Muslim nationalists began the fight in 1954Muslim nationalists began the fight in 1954
Thousands died before Algeria was freed in 1962Thousands died before Algeria was freed in 1962
Section 2: Programs for DevelopmentSection 2: Programs for Development
Summary:Summary:• New African nations sought unity and stability New African nations sought unity and stability
as they set up political and economic systemsas they set up political and economic systems
Section 2: Programs for DevelopmentSection 2: Programs for Development
The free nations of Africa set goalsThe free nations of Africa set goals• Leaders aimed to unite their people and Leaders aimed to unite their people and
create stable governmentscreate stable governments• They hoped strong economies would improve They hoped strong economies would improve
the standard of livingthe standard of living
Section 2: Programs for DevelopmentSection 2: Programs for Development
In most African lands, similar obstacles In most African lands, similar obstacles blocked progressblocked progress• The barriers occurred in five areas: The barriers occurred in five areas:
geography, population and poverty, geography, population and poverty, economic dependence, economic policies and economic dependence, economic policies and political difficultiespolitical difficulties
Drought along with Drought along with deforestationdeforestation, or loss of , or loss of vegetation, caused widespread hungervegetation, caused widespread hunger
Rapid population growth made the famine worseRapid population growth made the famine worse
Section 2: Programs for DevelopmentSection 2: Programs for Development
Problems also arose where many ethnic Problems also arose where many ethnic groups lived in one nationgroups lived in one nation• Leaders tried to replace loyalty to a culture Leaders tried to replace loyalty to a culture
with loyalty to a nationwith loyalty to a nation• When faced with trouble, many countries When faced with trouble, many countries
turned to a one-party systemturned to a one-party system• Some of these one-party nations became Some of these one-party nations became
military dictatorships military dictatorships
Section 2: Programs for DevelopmentSection 2: Programs for Development
All new nations made political and All new nations made political and economic choices to overcome the economic choices to overcome the obstaclesobstacles• Some nations rejected military leadership Some nations rejected military leadership
and dictators, and chose to build on and dictators, and chose to build on traditional African waystraditional African ways
Section 2: Programs for DevelopmentSection 2: Programs for Development
For economic growth, nations either set For economic growth, nations either set up socialist state-run industries, allowed up socialist state-run industries, allowed capitalist enterprise or had capitalist enterprise or had mixed mixed economieseconomies, economic systems with both , economic systems with both private and state-run industriesprivate and state-run industries
Some states chose cash crops rather than Some states chose cash crops rather than food cropsfood crops• As a result, some of these countries had to As a result, some of these countries had to
import foodimport food
Section 2: Programs for DevelopmentSection 2: Programs for Development
Many leaders helped urban industries Many leaders helped urban industries rather than rural farmsrather than rural farms• By the 1980s, they saw food output drop and By the 1980s, they saw food output drop and
began to aid their farmersbegan to aid their farmers• By learning from mistakes, most African By learning from mistakes, most African
states were moving forward in the 1990sstates were moving forward in the 1990s
Section 3: Three Nations: A Closer LookSection 3: Three Nations: A Closer Look
Summary:Summary:• After independence each African nation faced After independence each African nation faced
its own unique challengesits own unique challenges
Section 3: Three Nations: A Closer LookSection 3: Three Nations: A Closer Look
Oil-rich Nigeria, won its freedom in 1960Oil-rich Nigeria, won its freedom in 1960• As in other new African nations, ethnic and As in other new African nations, ethnic and
regional quarrels led to civil warregional quarrels led to civil war• People in the Southwest broke away in 1967People in the Southwest broke away in 1967
They formed a new country called BiafraThey formed a new country called Biafra The ensuing war brought hunger and disease to The ensuing war brought hunger and disease to
BiafraBiafra Nearly 1 million people diedNearly 1 million people died In 1970, Biafra gave up and the war endedIn 1970, Biafra gave up and the war ended
Section 3: Three Nations: A Closer LookSection 3: Three Nations: A Closer Look
The oil boon of the 1970s helped Nigeria The oil boon of the 1970s helped Nigeria recover from the warrecover from the war• Later when oil prices fell, the country had a Later when oil prices fell, the country had a
huge debt burdenhuge debt burden
Section 3: Three Nations: A Closer LookSection 3: Three Nations: A Closer Look
Until 1960, Belgium ruled the CongoUntil 1960, Belgium ruled the Congo• Until 1965, the land had no clear leaderUntil 1965, the land had no clear leader• Then Mobutu Sese Seko, a harsh military Then Mobutu Sese Seko, a harsh military
dictator took powerdictator took power He called his nation ZaireHe called his nation Zaire
• Mobutu ran the economy into the ground and Mobutu ran the economy into the ground and stole billions of dollars from his country’s stole billions of dollars from his country’s treasurytreasury
Conflicts among ethnic and regional groups Conflicts among ethnic and regional groups sparked a warsparked a war
In the 1990s, rebels forced Mobutu from powerIn the 1990s, rebels forced Mobutu from power• They renamed the country Congo They renamed the country Congo
Section 3: Three Nations: A Closer LookSection 3: Three Nations: A Closer Look
Julius Nyerere, the first leader of Julius Nyerere, the first leader of Tanzania, hoped to improve rural life and Tanzania, hoped to improve rural life and do away with social classesdo away with social classes• He wanted Tanzania to be able to meet all its He wanted Tanzania to be able to meet all its
own needsown needs• He nationalized all banks and foreign owned He nationalized all banks and foreign owned
businessesbusinesses• His program of African socialism set up His program of African socialism set up
communal farms and state-run industriescommunal farms and state-run industries The program eventually failedThe program eventually failed
Section 3: Three Nations: A Closer LookSection 3: Three Nations: A Closer Look
To save the economy, the next leader of To save the economy, the next leader of Tanzania cut spending and allowed Tanzania cut spending and allowed private business to operateprivate business to operate
Unlike other African nations, Tanzania’s Unlike other African nations, Tanzania’s food output did not declinefood output did not decline
With foreign aid Tanzania was able to With foreign aid Tanzania was able to provide education and health care to provide education and health care to many villagesmany villages
Section 4: Struggles in Southern AfricaSection 4: Struggles in Southern Africa
Summary:Summary:• The successful struggle against The successful struggle against ApartheidApartheid in in
South Africa serves as a beacon of hope to South Africa serves as a beacon of hope to other African nationsother African nations
Section 4: Struggles in Southern AfricaSection 4: Struggles in Southern Africa
For 342 years, Europeans ran South For 342 years, Europeans ran South AfricaAfrica• Whites set up a system of Whites set up a system of ApartheidApartheid, or , or
separation of the races, in 1948separation of the races, in 1948• Laws said certain races must live in certain Laws said certain races must live in certain
zoneszones• These laws banned mixed marriages and These laws banned mixed marriages and
forced nonwhites to carry passbooksforced nonwhites to carry passbooks The laws called for separate trains, beaches and The laws called for separate trains, beaches and
schoolsschools Low wages and poor schools doomed blacks to Low wages and poor schools doomed blacks to
poverty poverty
Section 4: Struggles in Southern AfricaSection 4: Struggles in Southern Africa
The African National Congress (ANC) had The African National Congress (ANC) had fought white domination since 1912fought white domination since 1912• Their marches and strikes sparked violenceTheir marches and strikes sparked violence• At a 1960 rally, police gunned down At a 1960 rally, police gunned down
protestersprotesters• Laws at that time banned the ANCLaws at that time banned the ANC• The United States and other countries hoped The United States and other countries hoped
sanctionssanctions, or actions against a nation by , or actions against a nation by other nations, would force an end to other nations, would force an end to ApartheidApartheid
Section 4: Struggles in Southern AfricaSection 4: Struggles in Southern Africa
In 1990, F.W. de Klerk, president of South In 1990, F.W. de Klerk, president of South Africa, lifted the ANC banAfrica, lifted the ANC ban• He freed its leader, Nelson Mandela, from jailHe freed its leader, Nelson Mandela, from jail• Mandela and de Klerk planned elections for Mandela and de Klerk planned elections for
19941994 Together, all races elected Mandela president of a Together, all races elected Mandela president of a
new democratic South Africanew democratic South Africa
Section 4: Struggles in Southern AfricaSection 4: Struggles in Southern Africa
Other lands in South Africa also struggled Other lands in South Africa also struggled for independencefor independence• For 15 years, Angola and Mozambique fought For 15 years, Angola and Mozambique fought
wars of independence against Portugalwars of independence against Portugal• After gaining independence, both countries After gaining independence, both countries
were plagued by civil warswere plagued by civil wars• From 1975-1992, the Cold War played a role From 1975-1992, the Cold War played a role
in their strugglesin their struggles• Americans did not trust the socialist leaders Americans did not trust the socialist leaders
and sided with rebels in both countriesand sided with rebels in both countries South African troops also aided the rebelsSouth African troops also aided the rebels
Section 4: Struggles in Southern AfricaSection 4: Struggles in Southern Africa
Soviets sent Cuban troops to help Soviets sent Cuban troops to help Angolan leadersAngolan leaders• In 1992, foreign troops pulled out, leaving the In 1992, foreign troops pulled out, leaving the
war torn nations to rebuildwar torn nations to rebuild