Chapter 34

Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Arts

•WWI—The Great War

•The Triple Alliance

→The Central Powers

→Germany, Austria-Hungary,the Ottoman Empire

•The Triple Entente

→ the Allied Powers

→Britain, France, Russia, Serbia

Trigger

• On June 28, 1914, Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire was assassinated while making a state visit to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia.

Causes of WWI

• Militarism: armament race

• Nationalism: rival armed camps

• Balkan Wars: Pan-Slavism

War as Celebration• Romanticism: war as chivalrous adventure, a quest for the heroic• Nationalism: patriotic sentiments fraternity

Trench Warfare• The Western Front: four

hundred miles from the northern border of Switzerland to the English Channel.

The Home Front• New opportunities for

women. Women in England, France,

and Germany replaced men in all branches of civilian life.

Influences• 1. Disillusionment: --loss of faith in the Enlightenment tradition --loss of faith in liberal-democratic values (which contributed to Fascist ideologies)• 2. The Lost Generation: 9 million killed• 3. A fascination with violence: Some veterans clung to an aggressive

militarism and favored extremist political movements (Hitler and Mussolini)

After WWI: Era of Totalitarianism

• Communist Russia

• Fascist Italy

• Nazi Germany

• The Great Depression

1929 - 1933

•WWII

Causes• 1. 1919-1920 the Versailles treaty

• 2. the failure to create lasting, binding

standards for peace and security

(the League of Nations)

3. Economic conditions

4. Nationalism

1930s• 3 tests for the League of Nations

– China: Japanese invasion, the “Rape of Nanjing” (1937)– Ethiopia: Mussolini’s invasion (1935) – Spain: Civil War (1936-39), fascist Fr

anco vs. divided Republicans

1939• Germany asked the Polish

Corridor to be abolished. When Poland decided not to give in, Hitler attacked. WWII began.

•The Holocaust -WWII=a racial war

-4.1-5.7 million Jewish people died

1945• August 6 and 9

Atomic bombs dropped on

Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

• August 14

Japan surrendered.

• 1945 United Nations founded

Eastern Europe occupied by Red Army

• 1947 Cold War started

• 1950 Korean War

• 1961 Berlin Wall built

• 1962 Cuban missile crisis

• 1963-73 Vietnam War• 1989 Year of liberation in Eastern Europe

• 1990 Germany reunified;

Cold War ended

•Artists

Leger, The Card Game, 1917

Leger, Three Women, 1921

Leger, The Mechanic, 1920

Leger, The Builders,1950

Rivera, Liberation of the Peon, 1931

Picasso, Guernica, 1937

•The End