Chapter 33 10e 1

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

1/39

11

OutlineOutline

The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System Lymph VesselsLymph Vessels Lymphoid OrgansLymphoid Organs

Nonspecific DefensesNonspecific Defenses

BarriersBarriers

Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response

Specific DefensesSpecific Defenses AntibodiesAntibodies T CellsT Cells

Induced ImmunityInduced Immunity Active versus Passive ImmunityActive versus Passive Immunity

Immunity Side EffectsImmunity Side Effects AllergiesAllergies

Blood TypingBlood Typing

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

2/39

22

The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System

Consists of lymphatic vessels and the lymphoidConsists of lymphatic vessels and the lymphoidorgansorgans

Three main homeostatic functions:Three main homeostatic functions:

Lymphatic capillaries take up and return excess fluid to theLymphatic capillaries take up and return excess fluid to thebloodstreambloodstream

Lacteals receive lipoproteins and transport them to theLacteals receive lipoproteins and transport them to thebloodstreambloodstream

Helps defend body against diseaseHelps defend body against disease

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

3/39

33

Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

4/39

44

The Lymphatic OrgansThe Lymphatic Organs

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

5/39

55

Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

OneOne--way system that begins with lymphaticway system that begins with lymphaticcapillariescapillaries

Take up fluid thathas been diffused from, and notTake up fluid thathas been diffused from, and not

reabsorbed by, blood capillariesreabsorbed by, blood capillaries EdemaEdema -- Localized swelling due toaccumulation of tissueLocalized swelling due toaccumulation of tissue

fluidfluid

Lymph flows one wayLymph flows one way

From a capillary to everFrom a capillary to ever--larger lymphatic vesselslarger lymphatic vessels

Finally toa lymphatic duct, which enters a subclavian veinFinally toa lymphatic duct, which enters a subclavian vein

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

6/39

66

Lymphoid OrgansLymphoid Organs

Lymph NodesLymph Nodes -- Capsule surrounding two distinctCapsule surrounding two distinctregions, cortex and medullaregions, cortex and medulla

Lymphocytes congregate in cortex when fighting offaLymphocytes congregate in cortex when fighting offapathogenpathogen

Macrophages concentrated in medullaMacrophages concentrated in medulla -- cleanse lymphcleanse lymph

Lymph nodes named for their locationLymph nodes named for their location

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

7/39

77


TonsilsTonsils Patches of lymphatic tissue located around thePatches of lymphatic tissue located around the

pharynxpharynx

First to encounter pathogens that enter via the noseFirst to encounter pathogens that enter via the noseand mouthand mouth

SpleenSpleen

Located in upper left region ofabdominal cavity justLocated in upper left region ofabdominal cavity just

beneath diaphragmbeneath diaphragm Cleanses bloodCleanses blood

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

8/39

88


Thymus GlandThymus Gland Located along trachea behind the sternum in upperLocated along trachea behind the sternum in upper

thoracic cavitythoracic cavity

Produces thymic hormonesProduces thymic hormones

Red Bone MarrowRed Bone Marrow

Origin for all types of blood cellsOrigin for all types of blood cells

Areaof maturation for most white blood cellsAreaof maturation for most white blood cells

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

9/39

99

Immune SystemImmune System

Nonspecific DefensesNonspecific Defenses Barriers to entry serve as mechanical barriersBarriers to entry serve as mechanical barriers

SkinSkin

Mucous membranes lining respiratory, digestive, and urinaryMucous membranes lining respiratory, digestive, and urinary

tractstracts

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

10/39

1010

Nonspecific DefensesNonspecific Defenses

Inflammatory ReactionInflammatory Reaction Damaged cells and mast cells release histamine andDamaged cells and mast cells release histamine andkininskinins

Capillaries dilate and become more permeableCapillaries dilate and become more permeable

Enlarged capillaries cause skin to reddenEnlarged capillaries cause skin to redden

Swollen areaand kinins stimulate free nerve endingsSwollen areaand kinins stimulate free nerve endingscausing paincausing pain

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

11/39

1111

Inflammatory ReactionInflammatory Reaction

Neutrophils and monocytes migrate to the site ofNeutrophils and monocytes migrate to the site ofinjuryinjury

Neutrophils and mast cells phagocytize pathogensNeutrophils and mast cells phagocytize pathogens

Monocytes differenti

ate int

omacropha

gesMonocytes differenti

ate int

omacropha

ges

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

12/39

1212

Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

13/39

1313

Complement SystemComplement System

A collection of plasma proteinsA collection of plasma proteinsActivated when pathogens enter the bodyActivated when pathogens enter the body

Complements certain immune responsesComplements certain immune responses

Interferon binds to receptors of nonInterferon binds to receptors of non--infected cellsinfected cells Causes them to prepare for possible attackCauses them to prepare for possible attack

Produce substances that interfere with viral replicationProduce substances that interfere with viral replication

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

14/39

1414

Action of the Complement SystemAction of the Complement SystemAgainsta bacteriumAgainsta bacterium

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

15/39

1515

Specific DefensesSpecific Defenses

An antigen is any foreign substance thatAn antigen is any foreign substance thatstimulates the immune system to reactstimulates the immune system to react

Lymphocytes capable of recognizing antigensLymphocytes capable of recognizing antigens

Have antigen receptors on plasma membraneHave antigen receptors on plasma membrane

Proteins shape allow it to combine witha specificProteins shape allow it to combine witha specificantigenantigen

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

16/39

1616

Specific DefensesSpecific Defenses

Immunity primarily the resultofImmunity primarily the resultof B lymphocytesB lymphocytes

B cells give rise to plasma cellsB cells give rise to plasma cells

Produce antibodiesProduce antibodies

T lymphocytesT lymphocytes

T cells directly attack cells that bear nonT cells directly attack cells that bear non--self proteinsself proteins

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

17/39

1717

AntibodyAntibody--Mediated ImmunityMediated Immunity

Clonal selection theory:Clonal selection theory: The antigen selects which lymphocyte willThe antigen selects which lymphocyte will

Undergo clonal expansion, andUndergo clonal expansion, and

Produce more lymphocytesProduce more lymphocytes

If the same antigen enters the system againIf the same antigen enters the system again

Memory B cells quickly divideMemory B cells quickly divide

Give rise to more lymphocytes capable of quickly producingGive rise to more lymphocytes capable of quickly producingantibodiesantibodies

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

18/39

1818

ClonalClonal Selection Model as it Applies toSelection Model as it Applies toB CellsB Cells

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

19/39

1919

ImmunoglobinsImmunoglobins

IgGIgG -- Main antibody type in circulationMain antibody type in circulation IgMIgM -- Found in circulation LargestantibodyFound in circulation Largestantibody

IgAIgA -- Found in secretionsFound in secretions

IgDIgD -- Found on surface of immature B cellsFound on surface of immature B cells IgEIgE -- Found as antigen receptors on basophilsFound as antigen receptors on basophils

in blood and on mast cells in tissuein blood and on mast cells in tissue

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

20/39

2020

Structure ofan AntibodyStructure ofan Antibody

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

21/39

2121

T CellsT Cells

Requirements for T cell antigen recognition:Requirements for T cell antigen recognition:Antigen must be presented by an antigenAntigen must be presented by an antigen--presentingpresenting

cellcell

Antigen is first linked toa major histocompatibilityAntigen is first linked toa major histocompatibilitycomplex (MHC) protein in the plasma membranecomplex (MHC) protein in the plasma membrane

CytokinesCytokines -- signaling chemicals that stimulate varioussignaling chemicals that stimulate variousimmune cellsimmune cells

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

22/39

2222

ClonalClonal Selection ModelSelection Modelas it Applies toT cellsas it Applies toT cells

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

23/39

2323

Types ofT CellsTypes ofT Cells

Cytotoxic T CellsCytotoxic T Cells Destroy antigenDestroy antigen--bearing cellsbearing cells

Contain PerforinsContain Perforins

HelperT

CellsHelperT

Cells Regulate immunity by secreting cytokinesRegulate immunity by secreting cytokines

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

24/39

2424

CellCell--mediated Immunitymediated Immunity

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

25/39

2525

Overview ofOverview ofNonspecific and Specific DefensesNonspecific and Specific Defenses

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

26/39

2626

Induced ImmunityInduced Immunity

Active ImmunityActive Immunity ImmunizationImmunization

Pathogens or pathogen products treated to remove virulencePathogens or pathogen products treated to remove virulence

Dependent upon memory B cells & memory T cells capable ofDependent upon memory B cells & memory T cells capable of

responding to lower doses ofantigenresponding to lower doses ofantigen

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

27/39

2727

Active Immunity Due toActive Immunity Due toImmunizationsImmunizations

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

28/39

2828

Passive ImmunityPassive Immunity

Passive immunityPassive immunity Occurs when an individual is given preparedOccurs when an individual is given preparedantibodies (immunoglobins) to combata diseaseantibodies (immunoglobins) to combata disease

ShortShort--livedlived

Newborns are often passively immune due to mothers bloodNewborns are often passively immune due to mothers blood

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

29/39

2929

Cytokines and ImmunityCytokines and Immunity

CytokinesCytokines Signaling molecules produced by lymphocytes,Signaling molecules produced by lymphocytes,

monocytes, or other cellsmonocytes, or other cells

BothBothinterferonsinterferons and interleukins have been used asand interleukins have been used as

immunotherapeutic drugsimmunotherapeutic drugs Cytokines called interleukins are produced by white

blood cells Stimulate white blood cells

Interleukins mightawaken the immune system and lead tothe destruction of the cancer

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

30/39

3030

Cytokines and ImmunityCytokines and Immunity

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

tumor antigen

antigen

APC

cytokines

stimulate APCs

1. Antigen-presenting cells

(APCs) are removed

from the patient.

5. APCs present tumor

antigen to cytotoxic

T cells, and they attack

tumor cells.4. Genetically engineered cells

are returned to patient.

3. APCs display tumor

antigens at their surface.

gene for

tumor antigen

2. APCs are genetically

engineered to have genes

for tumor antigens.

tumor

cell

cytotoxic

T cellvector DNA

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

31/39

3131

Production of Monoclonal AntibodiesProduction of Monoclonal Antibodies

Research ApplicationsResearch ApplicationsAllows scientist to isolateAllows scientist to isolate

favorite protein from 1000s offavorite protein from 1000s ofproteins.proteins.

Clinical ApplicationsClinical Applications

ELISA test used to detect HIVELISA test used to detect HIV

Used to determine pregnancyUsed to determine pregnancyvia urine testvia urine test Human ChorionicHuman Chorionic ganadotropinganadotropin ((hCGhCG))

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

32/39

Use of Antibodies in ResearchandUse of Antibodies in ResearchandClinical AssaysClinical Assays

Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assasy (ELISA): Enzymeattached to antibody will bind to antigen and produce a color.

Indirect: HIV test

Sandwich: Drug screening

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

33/39

3333

Immunity Side EffectsImmunity Side Effects

AllergiesAllergies Hypersensitivities to substances thatordinarily would notharmHypersensitivities to substances thatordinarily would notharm

the bodythe body Immediate Response: occurs within secondsImmediate Response: occurs within seconds

IgE antibodiesIgE antibodies

Leads tohistamine release which releases fluidLeads tohistamine release which releases fluid Anaphylactic ShockAnaphylactic Shock

Allergen enters bloodstreamAllergen enters bloodstream

*Bee stings, penicillin, food allergies etc.*Bee stings, penicillin, food allergies etc.

*Large drop in blood pressure due tohistamine release*Large drop in blood pressure due tohistamine release

Delayed ResponseDelayed Response Memory T cellsMemory T cells

Skin TestofTuberculosis is exampleSkin TestofTuberculosis is example

Contact Dermatitis from jewelry is exampleContact Dermatitis from jewelry is example

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

34/39

3434


Blood Type ReactionsBlood Type ReactionsABO blood typingABO blood typing

Two selfantigensTwo selfantigens -- A and BA and B

If same antigen and its antibody are present in the blood,If same antigen and its antibody are present in the blood,agglutination occursagglutination occurs

Rh blood typingRh blood typing

People thatare RhPeople thatare Rh++ have Rh factorhave Rh factor

People thatare RhPeople thatare Rh-- do nothave Rh factordo nothave Rh factor

RhRh-- individuals may produce antibodies to Rh factor ifindividuals may produce antibodies to Rh factor ifexposedexposed

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

35/39

3535

Blood TransfusionsBlood Transfusions

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

36/39

3636

Hemolytic Disease of the NewbornHemolytic Disease of the Newborn

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

37/39

3737


Tissue RejectionTissue RejectionAntibodies and cytotoxic T cells bring aboutAntibodies and cytotoxic T cells bring about

destruction of foreign tissues in the bodydestruction of foreign tissues in the body

Immune system is correctly distinguishing betweenImmune system is correctly distinguishing between

selfand nonselfselfand nonself Autoimmune DiseasesAutoimmune Diseases

Cytotoxic T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack theCytotoxic T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack thebodys own cellsbodys own cells

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

38/39

3838


Lupus Rheumatoid Arthritis

8/8/2019 Chapter 33 10e 1

39/39

3939

ReviewReview

The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System Lymph VesselsLymph Vessels Lymphoid OrgansLymphoid Organs

Nonspecific DefensesNonspecific Defenses BarriersBarriers Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response

Specific DefensesSpecific Defenses AntibodiesAntibodies T CellsT Cells

Induced ImmunityInduced Immunity Active versus Passive ImmunityActive versus Passive Immunity

Immunity Side EffectsImmunity Side Effects AllergiesAllergies Blood TypingBlood Typing

Chapter 33 10e 1

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 33 10e 1