Chapter 32

The Building of Global Empires

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Imperialism in Asia, ca. 1914

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The Idea of Imperialism

n  Term dates from nineteenth century

n  In popular discourse by 1880s

n  Military imperialism q  Later, economic and

cultural varieties q  U.S. imperialism

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Motivations for Imperialism

n  Military n  Political n  Economic

q  European capitalism n  Religious n  Demographic

q  Criminal populations q  Dissident populations

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Manifest Destiny

n  Discovery of natural resources n  Exploitation of cheap labor n  Expansion of markets

q  Limited

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Geopolitical Considerations

n  Strategic footholds q  Waterways q  Supply stations q  Imperial rivalries

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The “White Man’s Burden”

n  Rudyard Kipling (1864-1936) q  Duty to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands

n  French: mission civilisatrice

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Domestic Political Considerations

n  Crises of industrialism n  Pressure from nascent socialism n  Imperial policies distract proletariat from

domestic politics q  Cecil Rhodes: imperialism alternative to civil war

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Technology and Imperialism

n  Transportation q  Steamships q  Railroads

n  Infrastructure q  Suez Canal (1859-1869) q  Panama Canal (1904-1914)

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Weaponry

n  Muzzle-loading muskets n  Mid-century: breech-loading rifles

q  Reduce reloading time n  1880s: Maxim gun, 11 rounds per second

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The Military Advantage

n  Battle of Omdurman (near Khartoum on Nile), 1898 q  Five hours of fighting

n  British: six gunboats, twenty machine guns n  British force lost a few hundred men; thousands

of Sudanese killed

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Communications

n  Correspondence q  1830 Britain-India: 2 years q  After Suez Canal, 2 weeks

n  Telegraph q  1870s, development of submarine cables q  Britain-India: 5 hours

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British Empire in India

n  East India Company n  Monopoly on India trade n  Original permission from Mughal emperors n  Mughal empire declines after death of Aurangzeb,

1707

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Home of a Wealthy Family in Calcutta

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British Conquest

n  Protection of economic interests through political conquest

n  “Doctrine of lapse” n  British and Indian troops (sepoys)

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British Colonial Soldiers

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Sepoy Revolt, 1857

n  Newly issued rifles had cartridges in wax paper greased with animal fat q  Problem for Hindus: beef q  Problem for Muslims: pork

n  Small-scale rebellion ignites general anti-British revolution

n  British gained upper hand in late 1857

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British Imperial Rule

n  In response to the rebellion, Britain: q  Abolishes Mughal empire q  Exiles emperor to Burma q  Abolishes East India Company q  Establishes direct rule of India by British government

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British Rule in India

n  Organization of agriculture q  Crops: tea, coffee, opium

n  Stamp of British culture on Indian environment

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Imperialism in Central Asia

n  British, French, Russians complete for central Asia q  France drops out after Napoleon q  Russia active after 1860s in Tashkent, Bokhara,

Samarkand; and approached India

n  The “Great Game”: Russian vs. British intrigue in Afghanistan q  Preparation for imperialist war q  Russian revolution of 1917 forestalled war

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Imperialism in Southeast Asia Imperialism in Southeast Asia

Spanish: Philippines Spanish: Philippines n n  Dutch: Indonesia (Dutch East Indies)

Dutch: Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) n  British establish presence from 1820s n 

Conflict with kings of Burma (Myanmar) 1820s, established colonial authority by 1880s q 

established colonial authority by 1880s

n 

Strait of Melaka

n  Base of British colonization in Malaysia, 1870s-1880s

n  Encouraged conversion to Christianity French: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, 1859-1893 21 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Imperialism in Africa, ca. 1914

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The Scramble for Africa (1875-1900)

n  French, Portuguese, Belgians, and English competing for “the dark continent”

n  Britain establishes strong presence in Egypt, Rhodesia q  Suez Canal q  Rhodesian gold, diamonds

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Rewriting African History

Ancient Africa n  Implications for justification of imperialist rule n  European exploration of rivers (Nile, Niger,

Congo, Zambesi) q  Information on interior of Africa q  King Leopold II of Belgium starts Congo Free State,

commercial ventures q  Takes control of colony in 1908, renamed Belgian

Takes control of colony in 1908, renamed Belgian

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South African (Boer) War 1899-1902 South African (Boer) War 1899-1902

q  Farmers (Boers) follow to settle territory, later called Afrikaners

q  Competition and conflict with indigenous Khoikhoi and Xhosa peoples

(continued) (continued)

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South African (Boer) War 1899-1902 British takeover in 1806, slavery a major issue of conflict

Afrikaners migrate eastward in the Great Trek, overpower Ndebele and Zulu resistance with superior firepower q 

Establish independent republics n  Establish independent republics

British tolerate this until gold is discovered n n  British tolerate this until gold is discovered White-white conflict, black soldiers and laborers n 

Afrikaners concede in 1902; 1910, integrated into Afrikaners concede in 1902; 1910, integrated into Union of South Africa

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Village around a Kraal

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The Berlin West Africa Conference (1884-1885)

n  Fourteen European states, United States n  Fourteen European states, United States q  No African states present

q 

Rules of colonization: any European state can take “unoccupied” territory after informing other European powers

n  European firepower dominates Africa q 

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Systems of Colonial Rule

natural resources q  Companies get freedom to tax, recruit labor: horrible Companies get freedom to tax, recruit labor: horrible

abuses abuses

Profit margin minimal n 

Direct rule: France q  “Civilizing mission” “Civilizing mission” q  Chronic shortage of European personnel; language and cultural barriers Chronic shortage of European personnel; language and q cultural barriers

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Indirect Rule

q  Frederick D. Lugard (Britain, 1858-1945) The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (1922) n 

Use of indigenous institutions n 

n 

Difficulty in establishing tribal categories,

imposed arbitrary boundaries

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Imperialism in Oceania, ca. 1914

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European Imperialism in Australia and New Zealand

n  English use Australia as a penal colony from 1788 n  Voluntary migrants follow; gold discovered 1851 n  Smallpox, measles devastate natives n  Territory called terra nullius: “land belonging to

no one” n  New Zealand: natives forced to sign Treaty of

Waitangi (1840), placing New Zealand under British “protection”

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Australian Aborigine

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European and Native Population in Australia and New Zealand

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European Imperialism in the Pacific Islands

n  Commercial outposts q  Whalers seeking port q  Merchants seeking sandalwood, sea slugs for sale in

China q  Missionaries seeking souls

n  British, French, German, American powers carve up Pacific islands q  Tonga remains independent, but relies on Britain

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U.S. Imperialism

n  President James Monroe warns Europeans not to engage in imperialism in western hemisphere

(1823) q q  The Monroe Doctrine: all Americas a U.S. Protectorate The Monroe Doctrine: all Americas a U.S. Protectorate

n n  1867 purchased Alaska from Russia n  1875 established protectorate over Hawai`i 1875 established protectorate over Hawai`i

q  Locals overthrow queen in 1893, persuade U.S. to acquire islands in 1898 acquire islands in 1898

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Spanish-Cuban-American War Spanish-Cuban-American War (1898-1899)

n n 

U.S. declares war in Spain after battleship Maine sunk in Havana harbor, 1898 q  Takes possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam,

Takes possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines Philippines q  U.S. intervenes in other Caribbean, Central American

q 

Honduras, Haiti n  Filipinos revolt against Spanish rule, later against

U.S. rule

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n

The Panama Canal

President Theodore Roosevelt (in office 1901-1909) supports insurrection against Colombia (1903)

n  Rebels win, establish state of Panama n  U.S. gains territory to build canal, Panama Canal

Zone n  Roosevelt Corollary of Monroe Doctrine

q  U.S. right to intervene in domestic affairs of other nations if U.S. investments threatened nations if U.S. investments threatened

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Early Japanese Expansion Early Japanese Expansion

n 1870s, colonized northern region: Hokkaido, Kurile Islands, southern Okinawa, and Ryukyu 1870s, colonized northern region: Hokkaido, Kurile Islands, southern Okinawa, and Ryukyu Islands as well Islands as well

n n  1876, Japanese purchase warships from Britain, 1876, Japanese purchase warships from Britain, dominate Korea

n  Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) over Korea results in Japanese victory results in Japanese victory

n n 

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) also ends in Japanese victory

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Economic Legacies of Imperialism

n n 

Colonized states encouraged to exploit natural n 

resources rather than build manufacturing centers

n 

Encouraged dependency on imperial power for product manufactured goods made from native raw q product Indian cotton

q n  Indian cotton

n  Introduction of new crops Tea in Ceylon

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Imperialism and Migration during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century

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Labor Migrations

n  Europeans move to temperate lands q  Work as free cultivators, industrial laborers q  32 million to the U.S., 1800-1914

n  Africans, Asians, and Pacific islanders move to tropical/subtropical lands q  Indentured laborers, manual laborers q  2.5 million between 1820 and 1914

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Colonial Conflict

q 

Tanganyika Maji Maji rebellion against Germans (1905-1906)

q 

Rebels sprinkle selves with magic water (maji-maji) q  Rebels sprinkle selves with magic water (maji-maji) as protection against modern weapons; 75,000 killed

n n 

“Scientific” racism developed q 

Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (1816-1882) q 

Combines with theories of Charles Darwin Darwinism” (1809-1882) to form pernicious doctrine of “social

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Movements

n  Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1883), Bengali called “father of modern India”

n  Reformers call for self-government, adoption of selected British practices (e.g. ban on sati) q  Influence of Enlightenment thought, often obtained in

European universities n  Indian National Congress formed 1885

q  1916, joins with All-India Muslim League

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