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The Modern Civil Rights The Modern Civil Rights Movement, Social Critics, and Movement, Social Critics, and

NonconformistsNonconformists

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Address to First Montgomery Address to First Montgomery Improvement Association Improvement Association

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. emerged as a leader in emerged as a leader in the Civil Rights the Civil Rights movement.movement.

He gained prominence in He gained prominence in the 1950s after the the 1950s after the Montgomery bus boycott Montgomery bus boycott began. began.

He gave this speech the He gave this speech the day Rosa Parks was day Rosa Parks was arrested. arrested.

He discusses the civil He discusses the civil rights of all people.rights of all people.

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The Birth of a New Nation The Birth of a New Nation Dr. King delivered this sermon Dr. King delivered this sermon

at Dexter Avenue Baptist at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery Church in Montgomery Alabama on April 7, 1957.Alabama on April 7, 1957.

He speaks about Africa and He speaks about Africa and the many struggles African the many struggles African countries went through to get countries went through to get their independence from other their independence from other countries like Great Britain. countries like Great Britain.

He then compares this to the He then compares this to the struggle of African-Americans struggle of African-Americans to gain freedom in the United to gain freedom in the United States. States.

Dr. King discusses his Dr. King discusses his dedication to the principles of dedication to the principles of non-violence.non-violence.

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Give Us the Ballot Give Us the Ballot Dr. King gave this address at Dr. King gave this address at

the Prayer Pilgrimage for the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom in Washington, D.C. Freedom in Washington, D.C. on May 17, 1957.on May 17, 1957.

It is about African-Americans It is about African-Americans gaining the right to vote that gaining the right to vote that was supposed to be was supposed to be guaranteed to them with the guaranteed to them with the passage of the 13th passage of the 13th Amendment after the Civil Amendment after the Civil War. War.

Dr. King says that if the African Dr. King says that if the African Americans are given the right Americans are given the right to vote, they will no longer to vote, they will no longer have to bother the federal have to bother the federal government with their civil government with their civil rights.rights.

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Supreme Court Rejects Plea Of Supreme Court Rejects Plea Of City City

In June a federal court ruled In June a federal court ruled segregated seating segregated seating unconstitutional, and the case unconstitutional, and the case went on appeal to the U.S. went on appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. Supreme Court.

The United States Supreme The United States Supreme Court later decided that the Court later decided that the Alabama and Montgomery Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated laws requiring segregated buses unconstitutional. buses unconstitutional.

The boycott of the buses had The boycott of the buses had lasted for 381 days.lasted for 381 days.

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Statement on Ending the Bus Statement on Ending the Bus Boycott Boycott

This speech was given by This speech was given by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. after the court ruled that after the court ruled that segregation laws were segregation laws were unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

His statement officially His statement officially ended the Montgomery Bus ended the Montgomery Bus Boycott in Alabama.Boycott in Alabama.

African-Americans could African-Americans could now sit where they wanted now sit where they wanted to on the bus. to on the bus.

There was no longer a There was no longer a “black” and “white” section.“black” and “white” section.

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Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of Education This landmark decision of This landmark decision of

the United States the United States Supreme Court Supreme Court overturned overturned Plessy v. Plessy v. FergusonFerguson

It declared once and for It declared once and for all the separate is not all the separate is not equal. equal.

Te decision was handed Te decision was handed down on May 17, 1954.down on May 17, 1954.

This victory paved the This victory paved the way for integration and way for integration and the Civil Rights the Civil Rights Movement. Movement.

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Integration of Central High Integration of Central High SchoolSchool

LRCHS was the focal point of the LRCHS was the focal point of the Little Rock Integration Crisis of Little Rock Integration Crisis of 1957. 1957.

Nine black students, known as Nine black students, known as the Little Rock Nine, were denied the Little Rock Nine, were denied entrance to the school in defiance entrance to the school in defiance of the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court of the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling ordering integration of ruling ordering integration of public schools.public schools.

This provoked a showdown This provoked a showdown between the Governor and between the Governor and President Dwight D. Eisenhower President Dwight D. Eisenhower that gained international that gained international attention.attention.

It was the first fundamental test of It was the first fundamental test of the national resolve to enforce the national resolve to enforce black civil rights in the years black civil rights in the years following the Brown decision. following the Brown decision.

A National Guard Member sits outside A National Guard Member sits outside of Central High School during the of Central High School during the

integration.integration.

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House Un-American Activities House Un-American Activities Committee Committee

HUAC was an investigative HUAC was an investigative committee of the US Senate. committee of the US Senate.

In 1947 HUAC investigated In 1947 HUAC investigated alleged communist infiltration of alleged communist infiltration of the motion picture industry. the motion picture industry.

Hearsay, innuendo, and rumor Hearsay, innuendo, and rumor were perfectly acceptable forms were perfectly acceptable forms of evidence. of evidence.

HUAC decided the Fifth HUAC decided the Fifth Amendment did not apply in its Amendment did not apply in its hearings so those refusing to hearings so those refusing to testify, branded the “Hollywood testify, branded the “Hollywood Ten”, were imprisoned for Ten”, were imprisoned for contempt. contempt.

Through pressing witnesses to Through pressing witnesses to “name names,” HUAC claimed “name names,” HUAC claimed to have identified 324 to have identified 324 communists working in the communists working in the motion picture industry.motion picture industry.

Ronald Reagan testifies to HUAC.

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Senator Joseph McCarthy Senator Joseph McCarthy Elected to the Senate from Elected to the Senate from

Wisconsin in 1946. Wisconsin in 1946. Rabid anti-communist and Rabid anti-communist and

alleged communist infiltration alleged communist infiltration into the American government. into the American government.

On 20 February 1950, On 20 February 1950, McCarthy made a six hour McCarthy made a six hour Senate speech claiming that Senate speech claiming that the Democratic Party had been the Democratic Party had been engaged in twenty years of engaged in twenty years of treason. treason.

In 1952, the Republicans In 1952, the Republicans gained control of the Senate. gained control of the Senate.

The Republicans named The Republicans named McCarthy as Chairman of the McCarthy as Chairman of the Senate Sub-Committee on Senate Sub-Committee on Investigations.Investigations.

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McCarthy HearingsMcCarthy Hearings In the Senate Sub-Committee In the Senate Sub-Committee

for Investigations, Senator for Investigations, Senator McCarthy applied the McCarthy applied the methods of HUAC to the methods of HUAC to the American government, American government, military, and defense industry. military, and defense industry.

According to McCarthy’s own According to McCarthy’s own numbers, his investigations numbers, his investigations drove 400 suspected drove 400 suspected communists from the communists from the American government, American government, though, in reality, few were though, in reality, few were guilty of anything more than guilty of anything more than liberal politics or associations liberal politics or associations

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Opposition to McCarthyism Opposition to McCarthyism Senator Margaret Chase Smith, a Senator Margaret Chase Smith, a

Republican from Maine, criticized Republican from Maine, criticized his tactics as being detrimental to his tactics as being detrimental to individual freedom. individual freedom.

In March 1954, McCarthy began to In March 1954, McCarthy began to investigate Annie Lee Moss, a investigate Annie Lee Moss, a middle aged African American middle aged African American woman who worked for the Army woman who worked for the Army Signal Corps. Signal Corps.

For this, Moss lost her job with the For this, Moss lost her job with the Army, was dragged before Army, was dragged before McCarthy’s hearings, and publicly McCarthy’s hearings, and publicly interrogated on national television. interrogated on national television.

Senator Symington pointed out that Senator Symington pointed out that there were four Annie Lee Mosses there were four Annie Lee Mosses listed in the Washington D.C. listed in the Washington D.C. phonebook and that there was no phonebook and that there was no indication that this was the proper indication that this was the proper one.one.

Margaret Chase Smith

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The Feminine Mystique The Feminine Mystique Throughout the 1950’s and Throughout the 1950’s and

60’s, women’s rights activists 60’s, women’s rights activists continued to blow the whistle continued to blow the whistle on the problems and inequities on the problems and inequities in society. in society.

In her book The Feminine In her book The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan Mystique, Betty Friedan showed the hidden side of a showed the hidden side of a housewife, one that is;housewife, one that is; BoredBored UninspiredUninspired screaming for changescreaming for change

This was a very different This was a very different image of what advertisements, image of what advertisements, television, and society in television, and society in general portrayed.general portrayed.

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Equal Pay Act of 1963 Equal Pay Act of 1963 The issue of equal pay became one of The issue of equal pay became one of

the main focal points for the second the main focal points for the second stage of the women’s movement. stage of the women’s movement.

Arguments were made to the Senate Arguments were made to the Senate regarding unfair wages for retail regarding unfair wages for retail clerks.clerks.

In passing the bill, Congress In passing the bill, Congress denounced sex discrimination for the denounced sex discrimination for the following reason:following reason: It depresses wages and living It depresses wages and living

standards for employees necessary for standards for employees necessary for their health and efficiency; their health and efficiency;

prevents the maximum utilization of prevents the maximum utilization of the available labor resources the available labor resources

tends to cause labor disputes, thereby tends to cause labor disputes, thereby burdening, affecting, and obstructing burdening, affecting, and obstructing commerce; commerce;

burdens commerce and the free flow burdens commerce and the free flow of goods in commerce;of goods in commerce;

constitutes an unfair method of constitutes an unfair method of competition. competition.

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Shirley Chisholm Shirley Chisholm Shirley Chisholm was the first Shirley Chisholm was the first

African-American women African-American women elected to Congress. elected to Congress.

Chisholm acknowledged the Chisholm acknowledged the strides being made in regards strides being made in regards to discrimination based on to discrimination based on race,race,

But she called attention to the But she called attention to the fact that gender discrimination fact that gender discrimination is so ingrained in society few is so ingrained in society few leaders fail to realize the full leaders fail to realize the full weight of the issue.weight of the issue.

Chisholm also argues for the Chisholm also argues for the passage of the Equal Rights passage of the Equal Rights Amendment that Congress Amendment that Congress had failed to pass for years.had failed to pass for years.

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Counter Culture Counter Culture During the 1950s a counterculture During the 1950s a counterculture

emerged. emerged. They were called the Beat They were called the Beat

Generation when the term beatnik Generation when the term beatnik was coined. was coined.

Some time during the 1960s, the Some time during the 1960s, the "Beat Generation" gave way to "Beat Generation" gave way to "The Sixties Counterculture." "The Sixties Counterculture."

With this came a change in the With this came a change in the terminology referring the terminology referring the members of the counterculture members of the counterculture from "Beatnik" to "hippie".from "Beatnik" to "hippie".

This group questioned American This group questioned American society and was seen in the society and was seen in the literature, art and songs written by literature, art and songs written by the Beatniks.the Beatniks.

Jack Kerouac was the most Jack Kerouac was the most famous beat writers. famous beat writers.

His 1957 His 1957 On the Road On the Road helped to helped to define the generation.define the generation.

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Media CitationsMedia Citations

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