Chapter 30

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Chapter 30

Examinations and Proceduresof Body Systems


Urinary System

• Organs – Kidneys, ureters, and bladder

• Functions of the kidneys– Form and excrete urine

– Regulate water balance in the body

– Maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids


Diseases and Disorders

• Signs and symptoms of disorders– Dysuria, proteinuria, hematuria, pyuria, frequency,

urgency, oliguria, nocturia

– Other signs and symptoms

• UTI is the most common disorder of the urinary system– See Table 30-2 for other disorders


Diagnostic Testing

• Urinalysis

• Culture and sensitivity

• Blood tests: BUN

• Radiological exams– IVP

– KUB radiograph

– Cystogram


Diagnostic Testing

• Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)– Diagnostic x-ray

• Cystoscopy >>– Views the urethra and

bladder through a lighted scope

• Biopsy of the kidney


Urinary Catheterization

• Reasons to catheterize patients– Obtain a sterile specimen for analysis

– Relieve urinary retention

– Instill medication into the bladder

– Measure the amount of post-void residual urine

• In some states, MAs may perform or assist with catheterization


Urinary Catheterization

• Equipment for catheterization >>

• Types of catheterizations


Digestive System

• Functions of the digestive system– Ingestion of food and breaking into particles

– Passage of food through digestive system

– Digestion through secretion of digestive enzymes

– Absorption of nutrients into the blood stream

– Defecation of solid waste products

• See the digestion system in action!



• Signs and symptoms of disorders– Include nausea, stomach cramps,

vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, indigestion

– Other signs and symptoms

• Diseases and disorders – Include gastritis, gastroenteritis,

diverticulosis (>>), ulcers, hernias

– See Table 30-5


Diagnostic Testing

• Upper GI series Lower GI series


Diagnostic Testing

• Sigmoidoscopy– Diagnostic examination of

interior of sigmoid colon

– Preparing patients for sigmoidoscopy

• May need to administer an enema

– Proctosigmoidoscopy and equipment >>


Diagnostic Testing

• Colonoscopy• Fecal occult blood test

>>• Radiological studies of

the digestive tract


Bariatrics

• Field of medicine that treats obesity and conditions associated with obesity

• Bariatric surgery– Performed to help treat obesity and help patients lose

weight

– “Banding” or “stapling” and gastric bypass surgery


Sensory System

• The eye: organ of sight– Common diseases and disorders

• See Tables 30-7 and 30-8


Measuring Visual Acuity

• Distance visual acuity– Snellen chart

• Near visual acuity– Jaeger test

• Color vision– Ishihara test



Click Here to play the video



• Recording visual acuity testing– Numerator indicates 20-foot distance between patient

and chart

– Denominator indicates visual acuity of patient in relationship to normal seeing eye

– Recorded as right eye, left eye, and both eyes


Diagnostic Testing

• Procedures relating to the eye– Eye instillation

– Eye patch dressing application

– Eye irrigation


Sensory System

• The ear: organ of hearing and equilibrium– Common diseases and disorders

• See Table 30-9


Measuring Auditory Ability

• Tests performed by the provider– Gross hearing tests

– Audiometry

• Tests performed by the medical assistant– Audiometry

– Ear irrigation

– Ear instillation


Sensory System

• The nose– Assisting with nasal exams

– Cautery treatment of epistaxis

– Performing nasal installations


Respiratory System

• Respiratory process– External respiration and

internal respiration

– Gas exchange in the lungs



• Signs and symptoms– Include dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, chills, fever,

wheezing, hoarseness, cough

• Common disorders– See Tables 30-10 and 30-11


Diagnostic Tests

• Common tests– Auscultation of the chest

– Sputum culture collection

– Bronchoscopy

– Spiral CT scan


Pulmonary Function Testing

• Spirometry >>– Measures lung capacity

• Peak Expiratory Flow Rates

• Pulse Oximetry >>


Inhalers

• Devices that deliver medication into the lungs

• Types of inhalers– Metered dose inhalers

– Metered dose inhalers with spacers

– Dry powder inhaler

– Nebulizer


Musculoskeletal System

• Coordinates the framework and movements of the body– Includes bones (206), joints, muscles (over 600) and

surrounding tissues

• Common diseases and disorders– See Tables 30-12, 30-13, and 30-14


Tests and Treatments

• Skeletal system tests– Radiographs and visual exam techniques

– Bone biopsy

• Muscular system treatments– Electromyostimulation

– Cold and hot therapy

– Physical therapy


Fractures, Casts, and Cast Removal

• Closed fractures are often treated in the ambulatory care setting

• Casting– Short arm and long arm casts

– Long and short leg casts

– Patient education for cast care


Nervous System

• Functions– Coordinates activity of body systems

– Allows for the body to adapt to its internal and external environment

• Common diseases, disorders and treatments– See Tables 30-16 and 30-17


Neurologic Examinations

• MA role in neurologic exams– Observe patient’s mental

state

– Assist the provider

• Equipment and supplies >>


Neurological Screening

• Components of a screening exam– Mental status

– Cranial nerve function

– Cerebral function

– Motor function

– Sensory function

– Deep tendon reflexes

– Additional tests


Circulatory System

• Functions– Pump and transport blood to all body parts

– Supply oxygen to all body parts

– Remove waste products from body tissues

• Common disorders– See Tables 30-18 and 30-19


Blood and Lymph System

• Blood and lymph are excellent indicators of disease

• Helps immune system function

• Common diseases and disorders– See Tables 30-20 and 30-21


Blood and Lymph System

• Common diagnostic tests– Complete blood count

– Differential

– Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

– Platelet count

– Liver function studies

– Shilling test


Integumentary System

• Functions– Provides protection

against invasion of microorganisms and trauma

– Regulates body temperature

– Senses pressure, touch, and pain

Layers of the skin >>


Integumentary System

• Common diseases and disorders– See Tables 30-22 and 30-23

• Diagnostic testing– Biopsy of skin lesions and affected tissues

– Wound cultures


Allergy Skin Testing

• Be prepared to treat emergencies– Notify provider immediately

– Have patient lie down

– Have epinephrine, benadryl, corticosteroid injections ready to be administered

– Check patient’s vital signs


Allergy Skin Testing

• Types of tests– Scratch test

– Patch test

– Intradermal test

– Radioallergosorbent test (RAST)


Endoscopic Procedures

• Endoscope: a device used to view hollow cavities or organs

• Enables procedures to be done on internal organs without surgical intervention– See Table 30-24


Endoscopic Procedures

• New technology in endoscopy– Capsule video endoscopy

– Wireless capsule endoscopy

– PillCam

Chapter 30

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