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PE$nlbffi tru fs &TI&F{:IMMNffiKATX&N AN&lvx[6mAT"n(}ht

COLONIAL PERIODTHE PURITANS'l , The Puritans immigrated to New England in the 1630s forthe following reasons:) A desire to escape political repression) A desire to find new economic opportunities and avoidan economic recession in England

) A desire to escape restrictions on their religious proctices2. The Puritans who immlgrated to New England were part ofwhat is known as the Creat English Migration that numberedsome 70,000 people. lt is interesting to note that over twiceas many Puritans immigrated to the West lndies as to NewEngland.

MIG RATION TO APPALACHIA

t,

The Proclamation of 1763 set a boundary along the crest oftlre Appalachians beyond which the colonists could not cross.llre ban was an ill-considered attempt to prevent costlycorrflicts with trans-Appalachian lndians.As American lndians were defeated, Scotch-lrish, Cerman,,tttcl Errglish immigrants moved into Appalachia.llritish colonists were principally motivated to settle west ofllrt'Agrpalachians by the low price and easy availability ofl,rrrrl.

L

2.

lttt

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American settlers ignared the Proclamotion of 176'1, tniddo many APIJSH students. APUSH test writers, howeva, hnot ignored the Proclarnotion of '1763. They hsve wtillfia suiprising numher of qaesffonr to see if APUSH studetttlreme'mberlhe parpose of this often forgatten boundnty

THE EARLY NINETEENTHA. THE IRISH

1800-1850

1. lreland supplied the largest number of irnmigrantr l' llrcUnited States during the first half of the nineteentlr r .ttltThe lrish fled the devastating effects of the potato l,ttrrlilcMost lrish immigrants settled in urban cities alonr; llr''Eastern Seaboard.4. Many lrish immigrants worked on canal and railro'rrl. construction Projects.

B. THE GERMANS1. Cermany supplied the second-largest number 6l i11111rirlr*llto the united states during the first half of the rrirt|l'.r'trlltcentury.2. Many Germans were fleeing political turmoil in tlit'rr

C. THE KNOW-NOTHING PARTYThe Know-Nothings were America's first nativist poltltr 'rl ;The Know-Nothings directed their hostility agairr-st ( ,rllrltllcimmigrants from lreland and Cermany.

THE LATE NINETEENTH AND EARTY TWENTIETHGENTURY: 1 880-1 924A. EXODUSTERS

1. Exodusters were African Americans wlto flt'rltlte Rcconstruction Sotttlt irr 1879 arl

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3. The quotas established by the National Origins Actdiscriminated against immigrants from Southern atttl I ;rEurope. These quotas were the primary reason for tlrr'decrease in the numbers of Europeans immigrating lo lltlUnited States in the 1920s.4. The number of Mexicans and Puerto Ricans immigralintlto the United States increased because neither groul) w,lraffected by the restrictive immigration acts of 192.1 .rnrl l9

THE BTACK MIGRATIONA. CAUSES1. Jim Crow laws denied African Americans their rights ,r',citizens and forced them to endure poverty and systlntallFdiscrimination.2.3.

Beginning with World War l, the wartime demand lor I'rllattracted African Americans to cities in the North ;ttttl Wt,The Black migration to the cities of the North and Wr",tcontinued during World War ll.

B. LEAVING THE RURAL SOUTH1. ln 1915, the overwhelming majority of African An1('n, ,lrilived in the rural South.2. Attracted by the wartime demand for labor, AfricarrAmericans migrated to urban centers in the Nortlt ,rrr,l

IMMIGRATION FROM MEXICOA. THE DEPRESSION

1. During the Creat Depression, many Mexicans r(-ttrrtt.rl l"their homeland.B. SURCE IN MEXICAN IMMIGRATION

'1. The following factors played an importartt rolt' itt Mr'"i, rrimmi

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A.

MIIE$T0NE$ tN fJ.S.FORFIGN POI-[CV:LATIN IIMNNICA

THE MONROE DOCTRINEREASONS THE MONROE DOCTRINE WAS ISSUED1. The Monroe Doctrine was intended to do the following:) Warn Fronce, Russia, and Spoin against furthercolonization or intervention in the New World

) Express opposition to further European colonization inthe New WorldI Protect republican institutions of government in the NewWorld) Express America's intent to refrain from involvement inEuropean rivolriesPRINCIPLES OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE1. The Monroe Doctrine was a unilateral declaration of thefollowing principles:) Europe and the Western Hemisphere have essentiallydifferent political systems.) The American continents are no longer open to

Eu ropea n col o n i zati o n.I The United States will regard European interference inthe politicol offairs of the Western Hemisphere as hostilebehqvior.) The United States will protect republican institutions ofgovernment in the Western Hemisphere.) Tlrc Llrilecl Sfcrfes will not interfere in the internal affairsol Iuropaott rtoli

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C. ROLE OF THE BRITISH NAVYThe United States lacked the military power to enforct, llreMonroe Doctrine.However, the principles expressed in the Monroe Doctrirrruwere consistent with British foreign policy goals.Although the British did not formally endorse the Morrr,,.,Doctrine, their navy was a de facto enforcer of its prirrr ilrlrr

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WARA. CAUSES OF THE WAR

The battleship USS Moine was sunk mysteriously in Il,rv,rrreharbor.There was a circulation battle between the "yellowjournalism" newspapers of Joseph Pulitzer and Willi,rrrrRandolph Hearst. The sensational stories in both new\lr,rl'F.tplayed a significant role in arousing public support lor ,r watto liberate Cuba and avenge the sinking of the Maitrr',

B. TERRTTORTAL ACQUtStTtONS1. As a result of the Spanish-American War, Spain relirrr;rn',1r,.,1to the United States control of the following:) Guam) Puerto Rico) Cubo) The Philippines2. When the United States established a protectorat('ovr.rCuba, it practiced imperialism

C. THE DEBATE OVER ANNEXING THE PHILIPPINESThe Anti-lmperialism League opposed annexatiorr,,lr1iin,lthat it violated America's long-established conlnittrrr,nt t,rthe principles of self-determination and anticolorri,rlr..rrrSupporters of annexation argued that Americ,r lr,rrl ,r nr'r.-lresponsibility to "civilize" the islands. Tlrcy also J)()lrtlr1,,,irtltal tlrc Philippines could become a v.rlu;rllk' lr,rrlirrt I |,.r t, F.

Milestones in U.S.

THE ROOSEVELT COROTLARY TO THE MONROEDOCTRINEREASONS THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY WAS ISSUED1. President Theodore Roosevelt worried that the DominicanRepublic and other Latin American nations would default ondebts owed to European banks. These defaults could thenprovoke Eu ropean military intervention.2. Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the MonroeDoctrine to forestall European intervention.pRTNctPLES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE COROLLARY1. The Roosevelt Corollary asserted America's right to intervenein the affairs of CentralAmerica and the Caribbean.2. lt expanded America's role in CentralAmerica and theCaribbean.3. lt claimed America's right to act as an international policepower in Central and South America. Presidents Roosevelt,Taft, and Wilson enforced the Roosevelt Corollary bysending American troops to Cuba, Panama, Nicaragua, theDominican Republic, Mexico, and Haiti.4. Here is how Theodore Roosevelt explained and justified the

Roosevelt Corollary:"Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results ina general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may inAmerica, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention bysome civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere theadherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine mayforce the United States . . . to the exercise of an internationalpolice power."

A.1.2.3.

B.1.2.

1.

2.

The Monroe Doctrine and the Raosevelt Corollary ore two of1 the most frequently tested topics on the APUSH exam. Makesure that you corefully study this iist of key points for both ofthese foreign policies.

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DOLTAR DIPLOMACYA. REASONS FOR DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

1. During the presidency of William Howard Taft, U.5. lroli' yin Latin America was primarily driven by concerns for ll ieconomic and strategic interests in the region.B. AN EXAMPLE OF DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

1. William Howard Taft's use of American bankers to r(.lirr,rrrr ethe foreign debt of Nicaragua exemplifies Dollar DilrL,rrr.rr

THE GOOD NEIGHBOR POTICYA. REASONS FOR THE GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY

The United States sought greater cooperation with llrlnations of Latin America, primarily to develop a herrri',1rlrr,rtFcommon front against Fascism.B. PRINCIPLES OF THE GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY

1. The Roosevelt administration formally renounced (J.\ ,rrrrintervention in the affairs of Latin America.2. As part of its Cood Neighbor policy, the United Statr,',participated in reciprocal trade agreements with n.rlion', irrLatin America.

THE AIIIANCE FOR PROGRESSA. REASONS FOR THE ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS

1. The Alliance for Progress was initiated by Presiderrt lolrrr IKennedy in 1 961 . lt aimed to establish econontic ( ( )( )l 'r'r.tl.,,ribetween North America and South America.2. The Alliance for Progress was intended to courrtt'r llrr,emerging Communist threat from Cuba.

Milestones in U.S. F Policy: Lotin America

RESULTS OF THE ALLIANCE1. The Alliance for Progress was a brief public relations success.2. Although there were some limited economic gains, theAlliance for Progress was widely viewed as a failure.3. The Organization of American States disbanded the Alliancefor Progress in 1973.

B.

Although mos:t students are keenly awsre af the Monroe Aoc-trine and the Roosevelt Corollary, few can identify FDR's Good' Neishbor Policy and IFK's Alliance for Progress, Both initiotives'% wele short-lived and had few losting consequences' Don't fallinto the trop af neglecting these toplcs, hawever, APUSH testwriters hove an uflconny knack far remembering topics thttstudents often forget.

1. KENNEDY AND CUBA\. THE BAY OF PIGS

1. President Kennedy inherited from the Eisenhoweradministration a C|A-backed scheme to topple Fidel Castrofrom power by invading Cuba with anti-Communist exiles'2. When the invasion failed, Kennedy refused to rescue theinsurgents, forcing them to surrender.3. Widely denounced as a fiasco, the Bay of Pigs defeatdamaged U.S. credibilitY.4. The Bay of Pigs failure, along with continuing Americancovert efforts to assassinate Castro, pushed the Cubandictator into an even closer alliance with the Soviet Union.5. Soviet Premier Khrushchev responded by secretly sendingnuclear missiles to Cuba.

B. THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISISl. The Cuban Missile Crisis was precipitated by the discovery ofSoviet missile sites in Cuba.2. As part of the negotiations to end the Cuban Missile Crisis,Prcsitlertt Kennedy promised to refrain from a militaryirrv,rsiort

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MILESTONES lN U.S.FOREIGN POLICY:THE VIETNAM WAR

THE ROAD TO VIETNAMPOLICY OF CONTAINMENT1. Following World War ll, the United States adopted the policyof containment to halt the expansion of Communist influence.2. American involvement in Vietnam grew out of the policy

commitments and assumptions of containment.THE FRENCH WITHDRAWAL1. Following World War ll, the French continued to exerciseinfluence and control over lndochina.2. The Viet Minh defeated the French at the pivotal Battle ofDienbienph u in 1954. Following their defeat, the French

withdrew from Vietnam.3. The United States refused to sign the Ceneva Accords andsoon replaced the French as the dominant Western power inlndochina.THE DOMINO EFFECT1. The United States believed that if one nation fell under

Communist control, nearby nations would inevitably also fallunder Communist influence.2. Here is how Secretary of State Dean Rusk explained thetftxnino effect:"ll lrrtlo-China were to fall and if its fall led to the loss of all ofSorrlltc:tst Asia, tlten the United States might eventually befor< c

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THE TONKIN GUIF RESOLUTION, 19flA. AN INCIDENT IN THE CULF OF TONKIN

1. The United States alleged that North Vietnamese torplrLrboats launched an unprovoked attack against Ameri

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2. Nixon defended the action, saying that it was necess.uy t,,protect American forces and support Vietnamization.C. KENT STATE

1. Angry students responded to the Cambodian invasion wrtlrdemonstrations at campuses across the United States.At Kent State University in Ohio, nervous members ol tlrr,National Cuard fired into a noisy crowd, killing four stutlt'rrlland wounding many more.

2.

Recent APUSH exoms hqve included questions qbout the lilvt.sion of Cqmbadio and the shootings at Kent State. Remenrblr',the invasion of Csmbodia was motivoted by o desire to deilntlViet Cong sanctuaries in neutrol Combodio, thus protectlnqNixon's policy of Vietnamizqtion. The shootlngs at Kent Stol,were un unexpected consequence of the Cambodisn invointt

GoNSEQUENCES OF THE VTETNAM WARA. THE WAR AND THE ECONOMY

1 . The United States could not afford both President Jolrn,,'l :Creat Society programs and the Vietnam War.2. The combination of spending on the war and socialprograms produced the high inflation rates of the latr. l'rntland early 1970s.B. THE WAR AND INTERNATIONAL INVOLVEMENT

1. The Vietnam War increased public skepticism towar