Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband...

63
Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation 7/13/2010 1

Transcript of Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband...

Page 1: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Chapter 3: A

mplitu

de M

odulatio

n

7/13/2010

1

Page 2: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Intro

ductio

n

Objective

To co

nvey in

form

ation th

rough a m

edium sep

arating th

e tran

smitter an

d receiver

Inform

ation: 

Baseb

and sig

nal  0

 ≤f ≤

WIf m

atches th

e chan

nel b

and: b

aseban

d tran

smissio

nOtherw

ise, may b

e block

ed by th

e chan

nel: m

odulatio

n

Modulatio

nSome ch

aracteristic of a carrier

is varied in acco

rdan

ce with a 

modulatin

g sig

nal (in

form

ation)

Modulatin

g w

ave m(t)

Carrier  c(t)

Modulated

 wave s(t)

Contin

uous‐w

ave modulatio

n: sin

usoidal w

ave as carrier

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2

m(t)

c(t)

s(t)Modulato

r

Page 3: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Intro

ductio

n (co

ntd.)

Dem

odulatio

nTo resto

re the o

riginal b

aseban

d sig

nal m

(t)

Reverse th

e modulatio

n process

Contin

uous‐w

ave modulatio

n: sin

usoidal w

ave as carrier

Modulate th

e amplitu

de A

c

The am

plitu

de o

f a sinusoidal carrier w

ave is varied in 

accordan

ce with th

e baseb

and sig

nal

Modulate th

e angle  

The an

gle (freq

uen

cy or p

hase) o

f a sinusoidal carrier w

ave is varied

 in acco

rdan

ce with th

e baseb

and sig

nal

7/13/2010

3

)2

cos()

(

ftA

tc

c

ft

2

Page 4: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Band‐pass Sign

alA gen

eral modulated

 signal:

a(t):  th

e envelo

peof th

e ban

d‐pass sig

nal

φ(t): th

e phase

of th

e signal

W

e have:

where   

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Page 5: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Band‐pass Sign

alIn‐phase co

mponen

t: 

Quad

rature co

mponen

t: 

The p

hase d

iagram

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Page 6: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Amplitu

de M

odulatio

nA process in

 which th

e amplitu

de o

f the carrier w

ave c(t)

is varied ab

out a m

ean valu

e, linearly

with th

e baseb

and sig

nal m

(t)

Sinusoidal carrier w

ave c(t):

Carrier freq

uen

cy:    fcBaseb

and sig

nal:    m

(t)

Amplitu

de‐m

odulated

 (AM) w

ave:

K

a : amplitu

de sen

sitivity (volt‐1),a co

nstan

t desig

factor

K

a  A

m  = µ: m

odulatio

n facto

r7/13/20

106

Page 7: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Example: C

hoices o

f Ka

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Page 8: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Amplitu

de M

odulatio

n (co

ntd.)

Like sam

plin

g m

(t)with th

e positive im

pulses in

 c(t)

Objective:

The en

velop of s(t)

has essen

tially the sam

e shap

e as m(t)

Conditio

ned on

[a] T

he am

plitu

de o

f ka m

(t)is alw

ays less than unity

Ensu

res [1+ka m

(t)] is always p

ositive (n

o phase reversal)

Since an

 envelo

p sh

ould alw

ays be a p

ositive fu

nctio

n

Overm

odulated

: when |k

a m(t)|>

1

Envelo

p co

uld be n

egative

Carrier p

hase reversals w

hen th

e envelo

p acro

ss zero 

envelo

disto

rtion

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Page 9: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Amplitu

de M

odulatio

n (co

ntd.)

an

[b]The carrier freq

uen

cy fcis m

uch greater th

an th

e highest freq

uen

cy componen

t Wof th

e baseb

and sig

nal 

m(t)

Otherw

ise, an en

velop w

ith                can

not b

e visu

alized or d

etected satisfacto

rily

Nyq

uist–

Shan

non sam

plin

g th

eorem

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Page 10: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Spectru

m of s(t)

The F

ourier tran

sform of th

e AM w

ave s(t)

Two delta fu

nctio

ns: scaled

 by A

c /2, at ±fc

Two versio

ns o

f the b

aseban

d sp

ectrum

Scaled

 by k

a Ac /2 

Moved

 to ±fc

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Page 11: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Spectru

m of s(t) (co

ntd.)

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Page 12: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

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Spectru

m of M

odulated

 Voice Sig

nal

‐fc‐fc +

4K

‐fc ‐4K

fcfc +

4K

fc ‐4K

S(f)

f

Page 13: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Spectru

m of s(t)

(contd.)

The sp

ectrum of m

(t)in [–

W, 0

] is completely visib

le if   fc

> W 

Otherw

ise, overlap

 …

Upper sid

eban

d:   fc

< f < fc  +

 W 

Lower sid

eban

d:   fc

‐W

< f < fc 

Sym

metric w

ith reg

ard to fc

No overlap

 if  fc> W

Tran

smissio

n ban

dwidth B

Tfor an

 AM w

ave

Twice th

e messag

e ban

dwidth:   B

T= 2W

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Page 14: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

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14

Example 3

.1

Desig

n facto

r: modulatio

n facto

r µ

Page 15: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

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15

Example 3

.1 (co

ntd.)

Page 16: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

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16

Assu

ming 1 o

hm resisto

r:

Ratio

 of th

e total sid

eban

power to

 the to

tal power 

of s(t): 

Ratio

n of th

e carrier power 

to th

e total p

ower o

f s(t):     

Example 3

.1 (co

ntd.)

µ

Page 17: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

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17

Implem

entatio

n: Sw

itching M

odulato

r

C(t)

has a larg

e amplitu

de

The d

iode acts lik

e an id

eal switch

Zero

 imped

ance w

hen v

1 (t) > 0, 

block

ed otherw

ise

Rl = 1

Page 18: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

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18

Implem

entatio

n: Sw

itching M

odulato

r (co

ntd.)

The in

put vo

ltage:

W

hen |m

(t)| «A

c , the o

utput vo

ltage is:

Page 19: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

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19

Implem

entatio

n: Sw

itching M

odulato

r (co

ntd.)

Perio

dic p

ulse train

 of d

uty cycle eq

ual to

 one‐h

alf, and 

perio

d T

0 =1/fc , rep

resented

 by its F

ourier series:

Substitu

ting it in

to v

2 (t), we h

ave

Componen

t:

Unwan

ted co

mponen

ts:

Delta fu

nctio

ns at 0

, ±2fc , ±

4fc , …

Baseb

and sp

ectrum m

oved

 to 0, ±

3fc , ±5fc , …

Rem

oved

 from  w

ith a b

and‐pass filter [fc ‐W

, fc +W

]

Page 20: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave
Page 21: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave
Page 22: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave
Page 23: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave
Page 24: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave
Page 25: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

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20

Implem

entatio

n: En

velop Detecto

r

Reco

ver the o

riginal m

odulatin

g w

ave from received

 modulated

 wave

s(t) 

m(t)

Envelo

p detecto

r: 

Used

 in alm

ost all co

mmercial A

M rad

io receivers

W

orks if: fc >

Wan

d m

odulatio

n facto

r µ< 10

0%

[1] P

ositive h

alf‐cycle:  C ch

arges up rap

idly

to th

e peak

 value o

f s(t)

[2] When S(t)

falls bello

w th

e peak

: the d

iode is reverse‐b

iased an

d is sh

ut 

off; C

 disch

arges slo

wly

[3] W

hen S(t)

rises above th

e C vo

ltage ag

ain, C ch

arges u

p rap

idly

again to 

the p

eak valu

NOTE: th

e envelo

p sh

ould be p

ositive fo

r the d

iode to

 work

Slowly: 

Rap

idly: 

Page 26: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

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21

Envelo

p Detecto

r Example

A sin

usoidal A

M w

ave with 50

% m

odulatio

n

The rip

ples at th

e carrier frequen

cy can be rem

oved

 by a lo

w‐pass filter

Page 27: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

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22

AM Discu

ssions

Stren

gth

Easy to

 implem

ent

Low co

st, good fo

r mass p

roductio

n

Lim

itations

Not en

ergy efficien

t: 

Carrier carries n

o in

form

ation

Tran

smissio

n of carrier w

ave represen

ts a waste o

f energ

y

May tak

e a consid

erable h

igh portio

n of th

e total en

ergy

Larg

e transm

it power also

 cause in

terference to

 others

Not b

andwidth efficien

t:

Req

uires tw

ice the m

essage b

andwidth to tran

smit: B

T= 2W

Sym

metry: u

pper an

d lo

wer sid

eban

ds: o

ne is su

fficient

Page 28: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

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23

AM Discu

ssions (co

ntd.)

Trad

e off system

 complexity fo

r improved

 utilizatio

n of co

mmunicatio

n reso

urces

(C

omplexity ) vs. (B

andwidth an

d en

ergy)

Solutio

ns: 

Double sid

eban

d‐su

ppressed

 carrier (DSB‐SC)

Suppress th

e carrier from s(t)

to save tran

smit p

ower

Still n

eed 2W

Vestig

ial sideb

and (V

SB) m

odulatio

n

Inclu

de o

ne sid

eban

d an

d th

e vestige o

f the o

ther sid

eban

d

TV: sig

nifican

t componen

ts at low freq

uen

cy

Still n

eed to tran

smit carrier

Page 29: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

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24

AM Discu

ssions (co

ntd.)

Solutio

ns (co

ntd.):

Single sid

eban

d (S

SB) m

odulatio

n

Only u

se the u

pper o

r the lo

wer sid

eban

d

Voice: n

eglig

ible lo

w freq

uen

cy componen

ts

Optim

al form of m

odulatio

n

Minim

um tran

smit p

ower

Minim

um tran

smissio

n ban

dwidth

But, at th

e cost o

f increased

 cost o

f complexity

Page 30: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Double Sid

eband –Suppressed

 Carrier M

odulatio

n (D

SB‐SC

)AM sig

nal:  

DSB‐SC: rem

ove th

e carrier, consists o

f the p

roduct o

f m(t)

and c(t)

Conseq

uen

ce: phase reversal

The en

velop is n

ot co

nserved

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25

m(t)

c(t)

s(t)

Page 31: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

DSB

‐SC (co

ntd.)

Fourier tran

sform of s(t) is 

If M

(f)is in

 [‐W, W

], moves th

e baseb

and sig

nal sp

ectrum 

to ±fc

No carrier co

mponen

t (pulses at ±

fc ), but still h

ave BT= 

2W

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Page 32: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

DSB

‐SC Im

plem

entatio

nMultip

lier is hard

er to im

plem

ent th

an Switch

ing 

Modulato

Ring m

odulato

rThe fo

ur d

iodes fo

rm a rin

g pointin

g to th

e same w

ay

Contro

lled by a sq

uare‐w

ave carrier c(t)of freq

uen

cy fcW

hen sw

itched on: co

nstan

t forw

ard resistan

ce rf

W

hen sw

itched off: co

nstan

t back

ward

 resistance r

b

One h

alf‐cycle: outer d

iodes are sw

itched on an

d th

e inner d

iodes are sw

itched off

The o

ther h

alf‐cycle: outer d

iodes are sw

itched off an

the in

ner d

iodes are sw

itched on

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Page 33: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Ring M

odulato

r (contd.)

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Page 34: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Ring M

odulato

r (contd.)

W

orks lik

e a co

mmutato

The o

utput in

 one h

alf‐cycle h

as the sam

e vo

ltage b

ut d

ifferent 

polarity,  as th

e output 

in th

e other h

alf cycle

Use th

e square carrier 

c(t)to sam

ple m

(t)

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29

Page 35: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Ring M

odulato

r (contd.)

No output at th

e carrier freq

uen

cy fcAlso called

 double‐

balan

ced m

odulato

rBalan

ced baseb

and sig

nal

Balan

ced sq

uare‐w

ave carrier        

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30exp

and

Page 36: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Ring M

odulato

r (contd.)

Baseb

and sp

ectrum  m

oved

 (and scaled

) to odd harm

onics 

of th

e square‐w

ave carrier c(t)

Use a b

and‐pass filter

If fc

> W

: use a b

and‐pass filter [fc

‐W, fc

+ W

] to rem

ove  

unwan

ted co

mponen

ts

If fc

< W :  sid

eban

d overlap

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31

fc3fc

2fc

w

w

Page 37: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Dem

odulatio

n: C

oheren

t Detecto

rFirst m

ultip

lying s(t)

with a lo

cally gen

erated sin

usoidal 

waveAssu

ming perfect syn

chronizatio

coheren

t

Modulate s(t)

again w

ith th

e same carrier

Then lo

w‐pass filterin

g th

e product 

rem

ove u

nwan

ted co

mponen

ts with a lo

w‐pass filter

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Page 38: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Coheren

t Detecto

r (contd.)

A phase d

ifference φ

betw

een th

e transm

itter and receiver  carrier

The o

utput sig

nal is

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33

Page 39: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Coheren

t Detecto

r (contd.)

After th

e low‐pass filter, w

e have

Quad

rature n

ull effect: w

hen φ

= ±π/2, co

sφ=0   

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34

Page 40: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Solutio

n: C

ostas R

eceiver

Perfect syn

chronizatio

n: very h

ard in a d

istributed

 netw

ork en

vironmen

t

Costas R

eceiverUses tw

o co

heren

t detecto

rs with th

e same in

put s(t), 

but th

e carriers are π/2

apart

In‐phase co

heren

t detecto

r, or I‐ch

annel

Quad

rature‐p

hase co

heren

t detecto

r, or Q

‐chan

nel

Quad

rature‐p

hase 

π/2

apart

A neg

ative feedback

 contro

l system to stab

ilize the 

phase d

riftsAssu

ming sm

all phase d

rifts

7/13/2010

35

Page 41: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Costas R

eceiver

7/13/2010

36

A m

ultip

lier follo

wed by a 

low‐pass filter

Stab

ilizes φat 0

Page 42: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Quadratu

re‐Carrier M

ultip

lexing

Exp

loit th

e quad

rature n

ull effect fo

r good use

Quad

rature‐carrier m

ultip

lexing or q

uad

rature‐

amplitu

de m

odulatio

n(Q

AM)

Use tw

o D

SB‐SC m

odulated

 waves to

 occu

py th

e same 

ban

d, yet allo

ws sep

aration of th

e two baseb

and sig

nals 

at the receiver

Two carriers w

ith 90 phase sh

ift

Dem

odulate s(t)

usin

g th

e two carriers, resp

ectivelyThe q

uad

rature n

ull effect elim

inate th

e unwan

ted base 

ban

d sig

nal

7/13/2010

37

Page 43: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Quadratu

re‐Carrier M

ultip

lexing

7/13/2010

38

Page 44: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Quadratu

re‐Carrier M

ultip

lexing 

(contd.)

Can use th

e Costas receiver

Or sen

d a p

ilot sig

nal o

utsid

e the p

ass‐ban

d of th

e modulated

 signal

A lo

w power sin

usoidal to

ne w

hose freq

uen

cy and 

phase are related

 to th

e carrier wave c(t)

Used

 at the receiver fo

r synch

ronizatio

n

7/13/2010

39

Page 45: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Single‐Sid

eband M

odulatio

nObjective 

Only tran

smit th

e upper o

r lower sid

eban

d

Optim

al: min power an

d m

in ban

dwidth

Concep

tually easier

First g

enerate a d

ouble‐sid

eban

d sig

nal

Pass it th

rough an id

eal b

and‐pass filter, e.g

., [fc , fc +W

]

Challen

ge

Hard

 to co

nstru

ct an id

eal filter (i.e., with a zero

 transitio

n ban

d)

Tak

e advan

tage o

f properties o

f the sig

nal sp

ectrum 

Good fo

r voice: very little en

ergy b

elow fa =

300Hz

7/13/2010

40

Page 46: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Single‐Sid

eband M

odulatio

(contd.)

The tran

sition ban

d of th

e filter is 2fa ,Greatly sim

plifies th

e desig

n of th

e SSB filter

Hilb

ert  transfo

rm 

Dem

odulatio

nCoheren

t dem

odulatio

n is req

uired

Syn

chronizatio

n

Low power p

ilot carrier in

 additio

n to th

e selected sid

eban

d

Usin

g highly stab

le oscillato

rs in both th

e transm

itter and 

receiver to gen

erate carrier

7/13/2010

41

f

|H(f)|

fcfc +

fafc ‐fa

fcfc +

fafc ‐fa

Page 47: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Single‐Sid

eband M

odulatio

(contd.)

7/13/2010

42

Page 48: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Vestigial Sid

eband M

odulatio

nVSB

For sig

nals d

o not h

ave an en

ergy g

ap at th

e orig

in

Sen

d: o

ne sid

eban

d + vestig

e of th

e other sid

eban

d

The filter is allo

wed to have a n

onzero

 transitio

n ban

d

The q

uestio

n: h

ow m

uch vestig

e?

7/13/2010

43

Page 49: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

VSB

 (contd.)

7/13/2010

44

Page 50: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

VSB

 : Design

 of H

(f)Modulated

 signal sp

ectrum

Dem

odulatio

n w

ith a syn

chronous lo

cal carrier

For d

istortio

nless rep

roductio

n

7/13/2010

45

After lo

w‐pass filter:

Page 51: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

VSB

 (contd.)

Finally w

e have

Allo

ws a g

reat deal o

f flexibility in

 choosin

g H

(f)

|H

(f)|=0.5 at th

e carrier frequen

cy

The cu

toff p

ortio

n aro

und fc

exhibits o

dd sym

metry

Sum is o

ne w

ithin fc ‐fv

≤f ≤

fc +fv

Out sid

e the b

and, i.e., |f| >

 fc +W

, H(f)

can be arb

itrary

Page 52: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Them

e Example –

VSB

 for TV

VSB fo

r commercial T

V broad

cast: analo

g an

d digital

TV ch

annel: 6

 MHz: [54

 MHz, 6

0 M

Hz]

Pictu

re and so

und: m

1 (t)an

d m

2 (t)

Analo

g TV 

Pictu

re

Pictu

re carrier : 55.25 MHz

VSB: 25%

 of th

e lower sid

e ban

d (1.25 M

Hz)+

 upper sid

eban

d (4

.5 MHz) +

 pictu

re carrier

Sound so

und

Sound carrier: 59

.75 MHz 

Ban

dwidth: 0

.25 MHz

Two facto

rs

Video sig

nal h

as large b

andwidth an

d sig

nifican

t low‐freq

uen

cy co

nten

t VSB m

odulatio

n

SSB can

not b

e used

Dem

odulato

r should be ch

eap fo

r mass p

roductio

n

7/13/2010

47

Page 53: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

VSB

 for TV

 (contd.)

7/13/2010

48

Idealized

 amplitu

de sp

ectrum of a 

transm

itted TV sig

nal

Amplitu

de resp

onse o

f VSB sh

aping 

filter in th

e receiver

Page 54: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

VSB

 for TV

 (contd.)

VSB can

 also be u

sed fo

r digital T

V

Consid

erations

Back

ward

 compatib

le: fit into 6 M

Hz T

V ch

annels

Use d

igital co

ding of vid

eo sig

nals

Low co

st dem

odulato

r circuitry fo

r mass p

roductio

n

Sound, vid

eo an

d co

lor are all in

tegrated

 as one 

data stream

W

ill be d

iscussed

 in Chap

ter 9

Carrier at 54

.155 MHz is also

 transm

itted

7/13/2010

49

Page 55: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

VSB

 for TV

 (contd.)

Idealized

 amplitu

de sp

ectrum of  V

SB m

odulated

 digital T

V sig

nal

7/13/2010

50

Page 56: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Them

e Example –

Frequen

cy‐Divisio

n M

ultip

lexing

Multip

lexing th

rough sig

nal p

rocessin

gA number  o

f indep

enden

t signals are co

mbined in

to a 

composite sig

nal su

itable fo

r transm

ission over a co

mmon 

chan

nel

Sep

arating sig

nals in

 time: tim

e‐divisio

n m

ultip

lexing

Sep

arating sig

nals in

 frequen

cy: frequen

cy‐divisio

multip

lexing

FDM

Low‐pass sig

nals/lo

w‐pass filter

Modulato

rs shift th

e spectru

m to m

utually exclu

sive freq

uen

cy intervals

Ban

d‐pass filters to

 restrict the m

odulated

 signals

7/13/2010

51

Page 57: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Block D

iagram of FD

M System

7/13/2010

52

Page 58: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

FDM Illu

stration

7/13/2010

53

Page 59: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

FDM Exam

ple

GSM800 digital 

chan

nelized

 cellular 

system

The o

ne‐w

ay ban

dwidth 

is 12.5 MHz

The R

F ch

annel sp

acing 

is 200 kHz 

Eight u

sers share an

 RF 

chan

nel

Guard

 ban

ds

To m

inim

ize cross‐talk

7/13/2010

54

Page 60: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Summary

Amplitu

de m

odulatio

n: 

Modulate th

e amplitu

de o

f a sinusoidal carrier

A fo

rm of co

ntin

uous‐w

ave modulatio

n

Four typ

es, how do th

ey work, p

ros an

d co

ns

Stan

dard

 amplitu

de m

odulatio

n (A

M)

Double sid

eban

d‐su

ppressed

 carrier (DSB‐SC) m

odulatio

n

Single‐sid

eban

d (S

SB) m

odulatio

n

Vestig

ial sideb

and m

odulatio

n

Two dem

odulatio

n tech

niques

Coheren

t dem

odulatio

n

Nonco

heren

t detectio

n

7/13/2010

55

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Example:

7/13/2010

56

Page 62: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave

Example (co

ntd.)

7/13/2010

57

Page 63: Chapter 3tugnait/chap3_15s.pdfIntroduction (contd.) Demodulation To restore the original baseband signal m(t) Reverse the modulation process Continuous ‐ wave